See top in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xgn-pro",
"2": "*toburugu",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Proto-Mongolic: *toburugu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→? Proto-Mongolic: *toburugu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Oghur:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cv",
"2": "тупӑ",
"t": "ball, cannonball"
},
"expansion": "Chuvash: тупӑ (tup̬ă, “ball, cannonball”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Chuvash: тупӑ (tup̬ă, “ball, cannonball”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Arghu:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "klj",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Khalaj: top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Khalaj: top"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Oghuz:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-oat",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Anatolian Turkish:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Anatolian Turkish:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "az",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Azerbaijani: top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Azerbaijani: top"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ota",
"2": "طوپ"
},
"expansion": "Ottoman Turkish: طوپ\nTurkish: top\n→ Albanian: top\n→ Greek: τόπι (tópi)\n→ Ladino: טופ\n→ Macedonian: топ (top)\n→ Middle Armenian: թօփ (tʻōpʻ)\nArmenian: թոփ (tʻopʻ)\n→ Iraqi Arabic: طوبة (ṭobe)\n→ North Levantine Arabic: طابه (ṭābe)\n→ Ossetian: топп (topp)\n→ Persian: توپ (tup, top)\nHindi: तोप (top)\nUrdu: توپ (top)\n→ Serbo-Croatian:\nCyrillic script: топ\nLatin script: top\n→ Slovene: top",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Ottoman Turkish: طوپ\nTurkish: top\n→ Albanian: top\n→ Greek: τόπι (tópi)\n→ Ladino: טופ\n→ Macedonian: топ (top)\n→ Middle Armenian: թօփ (tʻōpʻ)\nArmenian: թոփ (tʻopʻ)\n→ Iraqi Arabic: طوبة (ṭobe)\n→ North Levantine Arabic: طابه (ṭābe)\n→ Ossetian: топп (topp)\n→ Persian: توپ (tup, top)\nHindi: तोप (top)\nUrdu: توپ (top)\n→ Serbo-Croatian:\nCyrillic script: топ\nLatin script: top\n→ Slovene: top"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gag",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Gagauz: top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gagauz: top"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tk",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Turkmen: top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Turkmen: top"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Karluk:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xqa",
"2": "",
"tr": "top"
},
"expansion": "Karakhanid: [script needed] (top)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karakhanid: [script needed] (top)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uz",
"2": "to‘p"
},
"expansion": "Uzbek: to‘p",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Uzbek: to‘p"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ug",
"2": "توپ"
},
"expansion": "Uyghur: توپ (top)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Uyghur: توپ (top)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "North Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ba",
"2": "туп"
},
"expansion": "Bashkir: туп (tup)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bashkir: туп (tup)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tt",
"2": "туп"
},
"expansion": "Tatar: туп (tup)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tatar: туп (tup)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crh",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Crimean Tatar: top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Crimean Tatar: top"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kum",
"2": "топ"
},
"expansion": "Kumyk: топ (top)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kumyk: топ (top)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krc",
"2": "",
"tr": "top"
},
"expansion": "Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (top)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (top)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kdr",
"2": "",
"tr": "top"
},
"expansion": "Karaim: [script needed] (top)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karaim: [script needed] (top)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Caspian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kaa",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Karakalpak: top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karakalpak: top"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kk",
"2": "доп"
},
"expansion": "Kazakh: доп (dop)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kazakh: доп (dop)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nog",
"2": "топ"
},
"expansion": "Nogai: топ (top)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Nogai: топ (top)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kyrgyz-Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ky",
"2": "топ"
},
"expansion": "Kyrgyz: топ (top)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kyrgyz: топ (top)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xgn-pro",
"2": "*toburugu",
"t": "round, convex"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mongolic *toburugu (“round, convex”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Compare Proto-Mongolic *toburugu (“round, convex”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l-self",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "top",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topug",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topnï",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topnuŋ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topgaru",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"equative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toplayu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toplugu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*top",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Turkic",
"lang_code": "trk-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/top",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Turkic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Urdu terms with redundant transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"round thing, ball"
],
"id": "en-top-trk-pro-noun-EHac~ofB",
"links": [
[
"round",
"round"
],
[
"thing",
"thing"
],
[
"ball",
"ball"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "top"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xgn-pro",
"2": "*toburugu",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Proto-Mongolic: *toburugu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→? Proto-Mongolic: *toburugu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Oghur:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cv",
"2": "тупӑ",
"t": "ball, cannonball"
},
"expansion": "Chuvash: тупӑ (tup̬ă, “ball, cannonball”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Chuvash: тупӑ (tup̬ă, “ball, cannonball”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Arghu:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "klj",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Khalaj: top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Khalaj: top"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Oghuz:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-oat",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Anatolian Turkish:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Anatolian Turkish:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "az",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Azerbaijani: top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Azerbaijani: top"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ota",
"2": "طوپ"
},
"expansion": "Ottoman Turkish: طوپ\nTurkish: top\n→ Albanian: top\n→ Greek: τόπι (tópi)\n→ Ladino: טופ\n→ Macedonian: топ (top)\n→ Middle Armenian: թօփ (tʻōpʻ)\nArmenian: թոփ (tʻopʻ)\n→ Iraqi Arabic: طوبة (ṭobe)\n→ North Levantine Arabic: طابه (ṭābe)\n→ Ossetian: топп (topp)\n→ Persian: توپ (tup, top)\nHindi: तोप (top)\nUrdu: توپ (top)\n→ Serbo-Croatian:\nCyrillic script: топ\nLatin script: top\n→ Slovene: top",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Ottoman Turkish: طوپ\nTurkish: top\n→ Albanian: top\n→ Greek: τόπι (tópi)\n→ Ladino: טופ\n→ Macedonian: топ (top)\n→ Middle Armenian: թօփ (tʻōpʻ)\nArmenian: թոփ (tʻopʻ)\n→ Iraqi Arabic: طوبة (ṭobe)\n→ North Levantine Arabic: طابه (ṭābe)\n→ Ossetian: топп (topp)\n→ Persian: توپ (tup, top)\nHindi: तोप (top)\nUrdu: توپ (top)\n→ Serbo-Croatian:\nCyrillic script: топ\nLatin script: top\n→ Slovene: top"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gag",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Gagauz: top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gagauz: top"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tk",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Turkmen: top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Turkmen: top"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Karluk:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xqa",
"2": "",
"tr": "top"
},
"expansion": "Karakhanid: [script needed] (top)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karakhanid: [script needed] (top)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uz",
"2": "to‘p"
},
"expansion": "Uzbek: to‘p",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Uzbek: to‘p"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ug",
"2": "توپ"
},
"expansion": "Uyghur: توپ (top)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Uyghur: توپ (top)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "North Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ba",
"2": "туп"
},
"expansion": "Bashkir: туп (tup)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bashkir: туп (tup)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tt",
"2": "туп"
},
"expansion": "Tatar: туп (tup)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tatar: туп (tup)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crh",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Crimean Tatar: top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Crimean Tatar: top"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kum",
"2": "топ"
},
"expansion": "Kumyk: топ (top)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kumyk: топ (top)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krc",
"2": "",
"tr": "top"
},
"expansion": "Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (top)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (top)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kdr",
"2": "",
"tr": "top"
},
"expansion": "Karaim: [script needed] (top)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karaim: [script needed] (top)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Caspian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kaa",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Karakalpak: top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karakalpak: top"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kk",
"2": "доп"
},
"expansion": "Kazakh: доп (dop)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kazakh: доп (dop)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nog",
"2": "топ"
},
"expansion": "Nogai: топ (top)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Nogai: топ (top)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Kyrgyz-Kipchak:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ky",
"2": "топ"
},
"expansion": "Kyrgyz: топ (top)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kyrgyz: топ (top)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xgn-pro",
"2": "*toburugu",
"t": "round, convex"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mongolic *toburugu (“round, convex”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Compare Proto-Mongolic *toburugu (“round, convex”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l-self",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "top",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topug",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topnï",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topnuŋ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topgaru",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"equative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toplayu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toplugu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*top",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Turkic",
"lang_code": "trk-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/top",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Turkic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Turkic lemmas",
"Proto-Turkic nouns",
"Requests for native script for Karachay-Balkar terms",
"Requests for native script for Karaim terms",
"Requests for native script for Karakhanid terms",
"Urdu terms with redundant transliterations"
],
"glosses": [
"round thing, ball"
],
"links": [
[
"round",
"round"
],
[
"thing",
"thing"
],
[
"ball",
"ball"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "top"
}
Download raw JSONL data for top meaning in Proto-Turkic (6.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Turkic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-08 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (f90d964 and 9dbd323). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.