See tāĺ in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Viryal Chuvash",
"lang_code": "cv",
"roman": "čol",
"word": "чол"
},
{
"lang": "Anatri Chuvash",
"lang_code": "cv",
"roman": "čul",
"word": "чул"
}
],
"lang": "Chuvash",
"lang_code": "cv",
"roman": "čul",
"word": "чул"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Chuvash",
"lang_code": "cv",
"word": "*čål"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Bulgar",
"lang_code": "trk-pro",
"word": "*ti̯ål"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Fuyu Kyrgyz",
"lang_code": "kjh-Latn",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "čʰolo"
}
],
"lang": "Mongolian",
"lang_code": "mn",
"roman": "čuluu",
"word": "чулуу"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Mongolic",
"lang_code": "xgn-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"uncertain"
],
"word": "*čïla-"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Fuyu Kyrgyz",
"lang_code": "kjh-Latn",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "čʰolo"
}
],
"lang": "Mongolian",
"lang_code": "mn",
"roman": "čuluu",
"word": "чулуу"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Mongolic",
"lang_code": "xgn-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"uncertain"
],
"sense": "stone",
"word": "*čïlaxun"
}
],
"lang": "Oghur",
"lang_code": "und",
"word": "*tāl"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Common Turkic",
"lang_code": "trk-pro",
"word": "*tāš"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Khalaj",
"lang_code": "klj",
"word": "tâaş"
}
],
"lang": "Arghu",
"lang_code": "klj"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"word": "daş"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Gagauz",
"lang_code": "gag",
"word": "taş"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"word": "taş"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "taş",
"word": "طاش"
}
],
"lang": "Old Anatolian Turkish",
"lang_code": "trk-oat"
},
{
"lang": "Salar",
"lang_code": "slr",
"word": "daş"
},
{
"lang": "Turkmen",
"lang_code": "tk",
"word": "dāş"
}
],
"lang": "Oghuz",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ili Turki",
"lang_code": "ili",
"word": "taş"
}
],
"lang": "Uyghur",
"lang_code": "ug",
"roman": "tash",
"word": "تاش"
},
{
"lang": "Uzbek",
"lang_code": "uz",
"word": "tosh"
}
],
"lang": "Chagatai",
"lang_code": "chg",
"roman": "taš",
"word": "تاش"
}
],
"lang": "Khorezmian Turkic",
"lang_code": "zkh",
"roman": "taš",
"word": "تشْ"
}
],
"lang": "Karakhanid",
"lang_code": "xqa",
"roman": "tāš",
"word": "تاشْ"
}
],
"lang": "Karluk",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Kipchak",
"lang_code": "qwm",
"roman": "tāš",
"word": "tas"
},
{
"lang": "Mamluk-Kipchak",
"lang_code": "qwm",
"roman": "tāš",
"word": "تاش"
},
{
"lang": "Mamluk-Kipchak",
"lang_code": "qwm",
"roman": "ṭāš",
"word": "طاش"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Crimean Tatar",
"lang_code": "crh",
"word": "taş"
},
{
"lang": "Karachay-Balkar",
"lang_code": "krc",
"roman": "taş",
"word": "таш"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Cyrillic script",
"lang_code": "kdr",
"word": "таш"
},
{
"lang": "Latin script",
"lang_code": "kdr",
"word": "taš"
}
],
"lang": "Karaim",
"lang_code": "kdr"
},
{
"lang": "Kumyk",
"lang_code": "kum",
"roman": "taş",
"word": "таш"
},
{
"lang": "Urum",
"lang_code": "uum",
"roman": "taš",
"word": "таш"
},
{
"lang": "Urum",
"lang_code": "uum",
"roman": "daš",
"word": "даш"
}
],
"lang": "Kipchak-Cuman",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Latin script",
"lang_code": "kaa",
"word": "tas"
},
{
"lang": "Cyrillic script",
"lang_code": "kaa",
"word": "тас"
}
],
"lang": "Karakalpak",
"lang_code": "kaa"
},
{
"lang": "Kazakh",
"lang_code": "kk",
"roman": "tas",
"word": "тас"
},
{
"lang": "Nogai",
"lang_code": "nog",
"roman": "tas",
"word": "тас"
}
],
"lang": "Kipchak-Nogai",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"lang_code": "ky",
"roman": "taş",
"word": "таш"
},
{
"lang": "Southern Altai",
"lang_code": "alt",
"roman": "taš",
"word": "таш"
}
],
"lang": "Kyrgyz-Kipchak",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "Kipchak",
"lang_code": "qwm"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Turkic",
"lang_code": "otk",
"roman": "taš",
"word": "𐱃𐱁"
},
{
"lang": "Old Kirghiz",
"lang_code": "otk",
"roman": "t¹y¹š",
"word": "𐱄𐰗𐱀"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Western Yugur",
"lang_code": "ybe",
"word": "das"
},
{
"lang": "Western Yugur",
"lang_code": "ybe",
"word": "dahs"
}
],
"lang": "Old Uyghur",
"lang_code": "oui",
"roman": "tʾš",
"word": "𐾀𐽰𐽿"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dolgan",
"lang_code": "dlg",
"roman": "taas",
"word": "таас"
},
{
"lang": "Yakut",
"lang_code": "sah",
"roman": "taas",
"word": "таас"
}
],
"lang": "North Siberian Turkic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Fuyu Kyrgyz",
"lang_code": "kjh-Latn",
"word": "daš"
}
],
"lang": "Khakas",
"lang_code": "kjh",
"roman": "tas",
"word": "тас"
},
{
"lang": "Shor",
"lang_code": "cjs",
"word": "таш"
},
{
"lang": "Northern Altai",
"lang_code": "atv",
"roman": "taš",
"word": "таш"
},
{
"lang": "Tofa",
"lang_code": "kim",
"roman": "daş",
"word": "даш"
},
{
"lang": "Tuvan",
"lang_code": "tyv",
"roman": "daş",
"word": "даш"
},
{
"lang": "Soyot",
"lang_code": "tyv",
"roman": "daş",
"word": "даш"
},
{
"lang": "Tuha",
"lang_code": "kim",
"roman": "daaş",
"word": "дааш"
}
],
"lang": "South Siberian Turkic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "East Yugur",
"lang_code": "yuy",
"word": "tash"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Bonan",
"lang_code": "peh",
"word": "tasri"
},
{
"lang": "Dongxiang",
"lang_code": "sce",
"word": "tashi"
},
{
"lang": "Kangjia",
"lang_code": "kxs",
"word": "txashi"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Mangghuer",
"lang_code": "mjg-mgr",
"word": "tashi"
},
{
"lang": "Mongghul",
"lang_code": "mjg-mgl",
"word": "taashi"
}
],
"lang": "Monguor",
"lang_code": "xgn-mgl"
}
],
"lang": "Shirongolic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "Southern Mongolic",
"lang_code": "unknown",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
}
],
"lang": "Siberian Turkic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mn",
"2": "чулуу",
"t": "stone"
},
"expansion": "Mongolian чулуу (čuluu, “stone”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "돌",
"t": "stone"
},
"expansion": "Korean 돌 (dol, “stone”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xgn-pro",
"2": "*čïlaxun"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mongolic *čïlaxun",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mn-kha",
"2": "чилагун"
},
"expansion": "Khalkha Mongolian чилагун (čilagun)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bua",
"2": "шулуун"
},
"expansion": "Buryat шулуун (šuluun)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xal",
"2": "чолун"
},
"expansion": "Kalmyk чолун (çolun)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tuw-pro",
"2": "*ʒola",
"t": "stone"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tungusic *ʒola (“stone”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "evn",
"2": "дёло"
},
"expansion": "Evenki дёло (ʒolo)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "jpx-pro",
"2": "*isoi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Japonic *isoi",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "石",
"tr": "ishi"
},
"expansion": "Japanese 石 (ishi)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "qfa-yen-pro",
"3": "*tʲɯˀs",
"nocap": "1",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "borrowed from Proto-Yeniseian *tʲɯˀs",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown. Possibly onomatopoeic.\nEtymological links to other \"Altaic Languages\", especially with Mongolian чулуу (čuluu, “stone”) and Korean 돌 (dol, “stone”) have been proposed by several authors, giving Chuvash чул (čul) as evidence. However, Turkic, Mongolic and Koreanic words for stone are most likely not related.\nDoerfer (1965) presents the potential problems with problems with Poppe's (1927) and Räsänen's (1949) proposals that give way to a Mongolic cognate. He adds at the end that Proto-Mongolic *čïlaxun (earlier *čïlapun, which would point to a verb instead) may simply be an ancient loanword from Proto-Turkic, rather than a cognate. Vovin (2005) seconds this, giving that while a relation between Mongolic *čïlapun and Turkic *tāĺ definitely exists, it is most likely a loaning into Mongolic, rather than of shared inheritance.\n* In his book, Yegorov (1964) traces back the Chuvash чул (čul) to Khalkha Mongolian чилагун (čilagun) and чулун (čulun), Buryat шулуун (šuluun) and Kalmyk чолун (çolun) (cf. теермин чолун (teermin çolun, “millstone”), as given by his entry).\n* In their rebuttal against Vovin, Dybo and Starostin (2008) reposit that basic vocabulary like 'stone' are usually not loaned into other languages, and when they do, it is often the result of heavy contact. Following this line of thought, they suppose that any Bulgar-Proto-Mongolic contact would be limited at best, and even so, add that \"this gives [Proto-Mongolic] a very small amount of time to make *čilaɣu out of [Bulgar] *čol or *čul.\"\nRäsänen (1969) also compares Koreanic *tol (< *tal) (cf. 돌 (dol)), following Ramstedt (1952-1957), which is also called into doubt by Vovin (2005), giving accentological and historical data to support his contrary claim.\nAltaicists compare this word with the ones above, but also with Proto-Tungusic *ʒola (“stone”) (cf. Evenki дёло (ʒolo)) and Proto-Japonic *isoi (actually *(d)isi, according to the authors; cf. Japanese 石 (ishi).) Needless to say, such comparisons are not accepted by mainstream comparative linguistics.\nMore recently, Werner (2002) and Vajda-Werner (2022) entertain the possibility of Turkic forms being borrowed from Proto-Yeniseian *tʲɯˀs.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l-self",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "tāĺ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tāĺïg",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tāĺnï",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tāĺnïŋ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tāĺka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tāĺda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tāĺdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tāĺgaru",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tāĺïn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tāĺča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"equative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tāĺlayu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tāĺlïgu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*tāĺ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Turkic",
"lang_code": "trk-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/tāĺ",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ili Turki terms in nonstandard scripts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Turkic terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Turkic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Yeniseian links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Turkmen links with redundant target parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"stone"
],
"id": "en-tāĺ-trk-pro-noun-3D1Q2o2s",
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone"
]
],
"related": [
{
"topics": [
"stone",
"masonry",
"construction",
"manufacturing",
"business"
],
"word": "tāĺ"
},
{
"sense": "iron",
"word": "temür"
},
{
"sense": "silver",
"word": "kümüĺ"
},
{
"sense": "gold",
"word": "altūn"
},
{
"sense": "copper",
"word": "bakïr"
},
{
"sense": "chalk or earth",
"word": "bōr"
},
{
"sense": "coal",
"word": "kömür"
},
{
"sense": "salt",
"word": "tūŕ"
},
{
"sense": "lead",
"word": "korguĺčïn"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Alexander Vovin",
"Altaic Languages",
"Anna Dybo",
"Codex Cumanicus",
"Georgiy_Starostin",
"Gerhard Doerfer",
"Gustaf_John_Ramstedt",
"Martti Räsänen",
"Nicholas Poppe",
"cv:Егоров Василий Георгиевич"
]
}
],
"word": "tāĺ"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Viryal Chuvash",
"lang_code": "cv",
"roman": "čol",
"word": "чол"
},
{
"lang": "Anatri Chuvash",
"lang_code": "cv",
"roman": "čul",
"word": "чул"
}
],
"lang": "Chuvash",
"lang_code": "cv",
"roman": "čul",
"word": "чул"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Chuvash",
"lang_code": "cv",
"word": "*čål"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Bulgar",
"lang_code": "trk-pro",
"word": "*ti̯ål"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Fuyu Kyrgyz",
"lang_code": "kjh-Latn",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "čʰolo"
}
],
"lang": "Mongolian",
"lang_code": "mn",
"roman": "čuluu",
"word": "чулуу"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Mongolic",
"lang_code": "xgn-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"uncertain"
],
"word": "*čïla-"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Fuyu Kyrgyz",
"lang_code": "kjh-Latn",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "čʰolo"
}
],
"lang": "Mongolian",
"lang_code": "mn",
"roman": "čuluu",
"word": "чулуу"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Mongolic",
"lang_code": "xgn-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"uncertain"
],
"sense": "stone",
"word": "*čïlaxun"
}
],
"lang": "Oghur",
"lang_code": "und",
"word": "*tāl"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Common Turkic",
"lang_code": "trk-pro",
"word": "*tāš"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Khalaj",
"lang_code": "klj",
"word": "tâaş"
}
],
"lang": "Arghu",
"lang_code": "klj"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"word": "daş"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Gagauz",
"lang_code": "gag",
"word": "taş"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"word": "taş"
}
],
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "taş",
"word": "طاش"
}
],
"lang": "Old Anatolian Turkish",
"lang_code": "trk-oat"
},
{
"lang": "Salar",
"lang_code": "slr",
"word": "daş"
},
{
"lang": "Turkmen",
"lang_code": "tk",
"word": "dāş"
}
],
"lang": "Oghuz",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ili Turki",
"lang_code": "ili",
"word": "taş"
}
],
"lang": "Uyghur",
"lang_code": "ug",
"roman": "tash",
"word": "تاش"
},
{
"lang": "Uzbek",
"lang_code": "uz",
"word": "tosh"
}
],
"lang": "Chagatai",
"lang_code": "chg",
"roman": "taš",
"word": "تاش"
}
],
"lang": "Khorezmian Turkic",
"lang_code": "zkh",
"roman": "taš",
"word": "تشْ"
}
],
"lang": "Karakhanid",
"lang_code": "xqa",
"roman": "tāš",
"word": "تاشْ"
}
],
"lang": "Karluk",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Kipchak",
"lang_code": "qwm",
"roman": "tāš",
"word": "tas"
},
{
"lang": "Mamluk-Kipchak",
"lang_code": "qwm",
"roman": "tāš",
"word": "تاش"
},
{
"lang": "Mamluk-Kipchak",
"lang_code": "qwm",
"roman": "ṭāš",
"word": "طاش"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Crimean Tatar",
"lang_code": "crh",
"word": "taş"
},
{
"lang": "Karachay-Balkar",
"lang_code": "krc",
"roman": "taş",
"word": "таш"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Cyrillic script",
"lang_code": "kdr",
"word": "таш"
},
{
"lang": "Latin script",
"lang_code": "kdr",
"word": "taš"
}
],
"lang": "Karaim",
"lang_code": "kdr"
},
{
"lang": "Kumyk",
"lang_code": "kum",
"roman": "taş",
"word": "таш"
},
{
"lang": "Urum",
"lang_code": "uum",
"roman": "taš",
"word": "таш"
},
{
"lang": "Urum",
"lang_code": "uum",
"roman": "daš",
"word": "даш"
}
],
"lang": "Kipchak-Cuman",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Latin script",
"lang_code": "kaa",
"word": "tas"
},
{
"lang": "Cyrillic script",
"lang_code": "kaa",
"word": "тас"
}
],
"lang": "Karakalpak",
"lang_code": "kaa"
},
{
"lang": "Kazakh",
"lang_code": "kk",
"roman": "tas",
"word": "тас"
},
{
"lang": "Nogai",
"lang_code": "nog",
"roman": "tas",
"word": "тас"
}
],
"lang": "Kipchak-Nogai",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"lang_code": "ky",
"roman": "taş",
"word": "таш"
},
{
"lang": "Southern Altai",
"lang_code": "alt",
"roman": "taš",
"word": "таш"
}
],
"lang": "Kyrgyz-Kipchak",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "Kipchak",
"lang_code": "qwm"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Turkic",
"lang_code": "otk",
"roman": "taš",
"word": "𐱃𐱁"
},
{
"lang": "Old Kirghiz",
"lang_code": "otk",
"roman": "t¹y¹š",
"word": "𐱄𐰗𐱀"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Western Yugur",
"lang_code": "ybe",
"word": "das"
},
{
"lang": "Western Yugur",
"lang_code": "ybe",
"word": "dahs"
}
],
"lang": "Old Uyghur",
"lang_code": "oui",
"roman": "tʾš",
"word": "𐾀𐽰𐽿"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dolgan",
"lang_code": "dlg",
"roman": "taas",
"word": "таас"
},
{
"lang": "Yakut",
"lang_code": "sah",
"roman": "taas",
"word": "таас"
}
],
"lang": "North Siberian Turkic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Fuyu Kyrgyz",
"lang_code": "kjh-Latn",
"word": "daš"
}
],
"lang": "Khakas",
"lang_code": "kjh",
"roman": "tas",
"word": "тас"
},
{
"lang": "Shor",
"lang_code": "cjs",
"word": "таш"
},
{
"lang": "Northern Altai",
"lang_code": "atv",
"roman": "taš",
"word": "таш"
},
{
"lang": "Tofa",
"lang_code": "kim",
"roman": "daş",
"word": "даш"
},
{
"lang": "Tuvan",
"lang_code": "tyv",
"roman": "daş",
"word": "даш"
},
{
"lang": "Soyot",
"lang_code": "tyv",
"roman": "daş",
"word": "даш"
},
{
"lang": "Tuha",
"lang_code": "kim",
"roman": "daaş",
"word": "дааш"
}
],
"lang": "South Siberian Turkic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "East Yugur",
"lang_code": "yuy",
"word": "tash"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Bonan",
"lang_code": "peh",
"word": "tasri"
},
{
"lang": "Dongxiang",
"lang_code": "sce",
"word": "tashi"
},
{
"lang": "Kangjia",
"lang_code": "kxs",
"word": "txashi"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Mangghuer",
"lang_code": "mjg-mgr",
"word": "tashi"
},
{
"lang": "Mongghul",
"lang_code": "mjg-mgl",
"word": "taashi"
}
],
"lang": "Monguor",
"lang_code": "xgn-mgl"
}
],
"lang": "Shirongolic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "Southern Mongolic",
"lang_code": "unknown",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
}
],
"lang": "Siberian Turkic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mn",
"2": "чулуу",
"t": "stone"
},
"expansion": "Mongolian чулуу (čuluu, “stone”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "돌",
"t": "stone"
},
"expansion": "Korean 돌 (dol, “stone”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xgn-pro",
"2": "*čïlaxun"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mongolic *čïlaxun",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mn-kha",
"2": "чилагун"
},
"expansion": "Khalkha Mongolian чилагун (čilagun)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bua",
"2": "шулуун"
},
"expansion": "Buryat шулуун (šuluun)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xal",
"2": "чолун"
},
"expansion": "Kalmyk чолун (çolun)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tuw-pro",
"2": "*ʒola",
"t": "stone"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tungusic *ʒola (“stone”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "evn",
"2": "дёло"
},
"expansion": "Evenki дёло (ʒolo)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "jpx-pro",
"2": "*isoi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Japonic *isoi",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "石",
"tr": "ishi"
},
"expansion": "Japanese 石 (ishi)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "qfa-yen-pro",
"3": "*tʲɯˀs",
"nocap": "1",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "borrowed from Proto-Yeniseian *tʲɯˀs",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown. Possibly onomatopoeic.\nEtymological links to other \"Altaic Languages\", especially with Mongolian чулуу (čuluu, “stone”) and Korean 돌 (dol, “stone”) have been proposed by several authors, giving Chuvash чул (čul) as evidence. However, Turkic, Mongolic and Koreanic words for stone are most likely not related.\nDoerfer (1965) presents the potential problems with problems with Poppe's (1927) and Räsänen's (1949) proposals that give way to a Mongolic cognate. He adds at the end that Proto-Mongolic *čïlaxun (earlier *čïlapun, which would point to a verb instead) may simply be an ancient loanword from Proto-Turkic, rather than a cognate. Vovin (2005) seconds this, giving that while a relation between Mongolic *čïlapun and Turkic *tāĺ definitely exists, it is most likely a loaning into Mongolic, rather than of shared inheritance.\n* In his book, Yegorov (1964) traces back the Chuvash чул (čul) to Khalkha Mongolian чилагун (čilagun) and чулун (čulun), Buryat шулуун (šuluun) and Kalmyk чолун (çolun) (cf. теермин чолун (teermin çolun, “millstone”), as given by his entry).\n* In their rebuttal against Vovin, Dybo and Starostin (2008) reposit that basic vocabulary like 'stone' are usually not loaned into other languages, and when they do, it is often the result of heavy contact. Following this line of thought, they suppose that any Bulgar-Proto-Mongolic contact would be limited at best, and even so, add that \"this gives [Proto-Mongolic] a very small amount of time to make *čilaɣu out of [Bulgar] *čol or *čul.\"\nRäsänen (1969) also compares Koreanic *tol (< *tal) (cf. 돌 (dol)), following Ramstedt (1952-1957), which is also called into doubt by Vovin (2005), giving accentological and historical data to support his contrary claim.\nAltaicists compare this word with the ones above, but also with Proto-Tungusic *ʒola (“stone”) (cf. Evenki дёло (ʒolo)) and Proto-Japonic *isoi (actually *(d)isi, according to the authors; cf. Japanese 石 (ishi).) Needless to say, such comparisons are not accepted by mainstream comparative linguistics.\nMore recently, Werner (2002) and Vajda-Werner (2022) entertain the possibility of Turkic forms being borrowed from Proto-Yeniseian *tʲɯˀs.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l-self",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "tāĺ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tāĺïg",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tāĺnï",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tāĺnïŋ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tāĺka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tāĺda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tāĺdan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tāĺgaru",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tāĺïn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tāĺča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"equative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tāĺlayu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tāĺlïgu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*tāĺ",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Turkic",
"lang_code": "trk-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/tāĺ",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"topics": [
"stone",
"masonry",
"construction",
"manufacturing",
"business"
],
"word": "tāĺ"
},
{
"sense": "iron",
"word": "temür"
},
{
"sense": "silver",
"word": "kümüĺ"
},
{
"sense": "gold",
"word": "altūn"
},
{
"sense": "copper",
"word": "bakïr"
},
{
"sense": "chalk or earth",
"word": "bōr"
},
{
"sense": "coal",
"word": "kömür"
},
{
"sense": "salt",
"word": "tūŕ"
},
{
"sense": "lead",
"word": "korguĺčïn"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Ili Turki terms in nonstandard scripts",
"Old Turkic terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Turkic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Turkic lemmas",
"Proto-Turkic nouns",
"Proto-Turkic terms with unknown etymologies",
"Proto-Yeniseian links with redundant wikilinks",
"Requests for native script for Fuyu Kyrgyz terms",
"Turkmen links with redundant target parameters",
"trk-pro:Rocks"
],
"glosses": [
"stone"
],
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Alexander Vovin",
"Altaic Languages",
"Anna Dybo",
"Codex Cumanicus",
"Georgiy_Starostin",
"Gerhard Doerfer",
"Gustaf_John_Ramstedt",
"Martti Räsänen",
"Nicholas Poppe",
"cv:Егоров Василий Георгиевич"
]
}
],
"word": "tāĺ"
}
Download raw JSONL data for tāĺ meaning in Proto-Turkic (12.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Turkic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-09-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-23 using wiktextract (20da82b and a97feda). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.