See alma in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for alma meaning in Proto-Turkic (8.3kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sog",
"bor": "1",
"der": "1",
"tr": "Almalukču",
"ts": "’δmδwkc"
},
"expansion": "→⇒ Sogdian: [script needed] (Almalukču /’δmδwkc/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→⇒ Sogdian: [script needed] (Almalukču /’δmδwkc/)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-ogz-pro",
"2": "*alma"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Oghuz: *alma",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-oat",
"tr": "alma"
},
"expansion": "Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (alma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "az",
"2": "alma"
},
"expansion": "Azerbaijani: alma",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ota",
"2": "الما"
},
"expansion": "Ottoman Turkish: الما, آلما (alma)\nTurkish: elma\n→ Middle Armenian: Էլմա (Ēlma)",
"name": "desctree"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tk",
"2": "alma"
},
"expansion": "Turkmen: alma",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xqa",
"2": "اَلْما",
"tr": "alma"
},
"expansion": "Karakhanid: اَلْما (alma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zkh",
"2": "الما",
"tr": "alma"
},
"expansion": "Khorezmian Turkic: الما (alma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "chg",
"2": "الما",
"tr": "alma"
},
"expansion": "Chagatai: الما (alma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "uz",
"2": "olma"
},
"expansion": "Uzbek: olma",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ug",
"2": "ئالما"
},
"expansion": "Uyghur: ئالما (alma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "qwm",
"2": "الما",
"tr": "alma"
},
"expansion": "Kipchak: الما (alma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ba",
"2": "алма"
},
"expansion": "Bashkir: алма (alma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tt",
"2": "алма"
},
"expansion": "Tatar: алма (alma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cv",
"2": "улма",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Chuvash: улма (ulma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "likely"
},
"expansion": "(likely)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "udm",
"2": "улмо",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Udmurt: улмо (ulmo)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mrj",
"2": "олма",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Western Mari: олма (olma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mhr",
"2": "олма",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Eastern Mari: олма (olma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "crh",
"2": "alma"
},
"expansion": "Crimean Tatar: alma",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "krc",
"2": "алма"
},
"expansion": "Karachay-Balkar: алма (alma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kum",
"2": "алма"
},
"expansion": "Kumyk: алма (alma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "uum",
"2": "алма"
},
"expansion": "Urum: алма",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kk",
"2": "алма"
},
"expansion": "Kazakh: алма (alma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kaa",
"2": "алма"
},
"expansion": "Karakalpak: алма",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nog",
"2": "алма"
},
"expansion": "Nogai: алма (alma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ky",
"2": "алма"
},
"expansion": "Kyrgyz: алма (alma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "alt",
"2": "алама"
},
"expansion": "Southern Altai: алама (alama)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "alma",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Hungarian: alma",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xsv",
"2": "ałm",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Sudovian: ałm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Common Turkic:\n** Proto-Oghuz: *alma\n*** West Oghuz:\n**** Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (alma)\n***** Azerbaijani: alma\n***** Ottoman Turkish: الما, آلما (alma)\nTurkish: elma\n→ Middle Armenian: Էլմա (Ēlma)\n*** East Oghuz:\n**** Turkmen: alma\n** Karluk:\n*** Karakhanid: اَلْما (alma)\n**** Khorezmian Turkic: الما (alma)\n***** Chagatai: الما (alma)\n****** Uzbek: olma\n****** Uyghur: ئالما (alma)\n** Kipchak:\n*** Kipchak: الما (alma)\n**** North Kipchak:\n***** Bashkir: алма (alma)\n***** Tatar: алма (alma)\n****** → Chuvash: улма (ulma) (likely)\n****** → Udmurt: улмо (ulmo)\n****** → Western Mari: олма (olma)\n****** → Eastern Mari: олма (olma)\n**** West Kipchak:\n***** Crimean Tatar: alma\n***** Karachay-Balkar: алма (alma)\n***** Kumyk: алма (alma)\n***** Urum: алма\n**** South Kipchak:\n***** Kazakh: алма (alma)\n***** Karakalpak: алма\n***** Nogai: алма (alma)\n**** East Kipchak:\n***** Kyrgyz: алма (alma)\n***** Southern Altai: алама (alama)\n** → Hungarian: alma\n** →? Sudovian: ałm"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "sa",
"3": "अम्ल",
"t": "sour"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit अम्ल (amla, “sour”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "sa",
"3": "अमल",
"t": "immaculate, white, shining; emblic, amla"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit अमल (amala, “immaculate, white, shining; emblic, amla”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "ira"
},
"expansion": "Iranian",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ar",
"2": "أَمْلَج"
},
"expansion": "Arabic أَمْلَج (ʔamlaj)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "sa",
"3": "आम्र",
"t": "mango"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit आम्र (āmra, “mango”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ar",
"2": "أَنْبَج"
},
"expansion": "Arabic أَنْبَج (ʔanbaj)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂ébōl"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "apple"
},
"expansion": "English apple",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "malum"
},
"expansion": "Latin malum",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "μῆλον",
"t": "apple"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μῆλον (mêlon, “apple”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Several possibilities:\n* From Sanskrit अम्ल (amla, “sour”), but its plant name usage is for wood-sorrel.\n* From Sanskrit अमल (amala, “immaculate, white, shining; emblic, amla”), आमलक (āmalaka), आमलकी (āmalakī, “emblic”), widely passed into Iranian and via Arabic أَمْلَج (ʔamlaj) into European.\n* From Sanskrit आम्र (āmra, “mango”), also widely passed, but reflects instead with -mb-, exemplarily Arabic أَنْبَج (ʔanbaj).\n* Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl, the same root whence also English apple, with the immediate source perhaps being Tocharian .\n* From *āl + Latin malum.\n* From *a(ː)lima, from *almïla, as attested in Karakhanid, in turn possibly cognate with Ancient Greek μῆλον (mêlon, “apple”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "trk-cmn-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "alma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "almalar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "almanïŋ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "almalarnïŋ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "almaka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "almalarka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "almada",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "almalarda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "almadan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "almalardan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "almalarïn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "almača",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"equative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "almalarča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"equative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*alma",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "a"
},
"name": "trk-cmn-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Turkic",
"lang_code": "trk-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/alma",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Common Turkic",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Turkic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"apple (Common Turkic)"
],
"id": "en-alma-trk-pro-noun-2-b2g11c",
"links": [
[
"apple",
"apple"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Karakhanid"
]
}
],
"word": "alma"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sog",
"bor": "1",
"der": "1",
"tr": "Almalukču",
"ts": "’δmδwkc"
},
"expansion": "→⇒ Sogdian: [script needed] (Almalukču /’δmδwkc/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→⇒ Sogdian: [script needed] (Almalukču /’δmδwkc/)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-ogz-pro",
"2": "*alma"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Oghuz: *alma",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-oat",
"tr": "alma"
},
"expansion": "Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (alma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "az",
"2": "alma"
},
"expansion": "Azerbaijani: alma",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ota",
"2": "الما"
},
"expansion": "Ottoman Turkish: الما, آلما (alma)\nTurkish: elma\n→ Middle Armenian: Էլմա (Ēlma)",
"name": "desctree"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tk",
"2": "alma"
},
"expansion": "Turkmen: alma",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xqa",
"2": "اَلْما",
"tr": "alma"
},
"expansion": "Karakhanid: اَلْما (alma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zkh",
"2": "الما",
"tr": "alma"
},
"expansion": "Khorezmian Turkic: الما (alma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "chg",
"2": "الما",
"tr": "alma"
},
"expansion": "Chagatai: الما (alma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "uz",
"2": "olma"
},
"expansion": "Uzbek: olma",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ug",
"2": "ئالما"
},
"expansion": "Uyghur: ئالما (alma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "qwm",
"2": "الما",
"tr": "alma"
},
"expansion": "Kipchak: الما (alma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ba",
"2": "алма"
},
"expansion": "Bashkir: алма (alma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tt",
"2": "алма"
},
"expansion": "Tatar: алма (alma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cv",
"2": "улма",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Chuvash: улма (ulma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "likely"
},
"expansion": "(likely)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "udm",
"2": "улмо",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Udmurt: улмо (ulmo)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mrj",
"2": "олма",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Western Mari: олма (olma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mhr",
"2": "олма",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Eastern Mari: олма (olma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "crh",
"2": "alma"
},
"expansion": "Crimean Tatar: alma",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "krc",
"2": "алма"
},
"expansion": "Karachay-Balkar: алма (alma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kum",
"2": "алма"
},
"expansion": "Kumyk: алма (alma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "uum",
"2": "алма"
},
"expansion": "Urum: алма",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kk",
"2": "алма"
},
"expansion": "Kazakh: алма (alma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kaa",
"2": "алма"
},
"expansion": "Karakalpak: алма",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nog",
"2": "алма"
},
"expansion": "Nogai: алма (alma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ky",
"2": "алма"
},
"expansion": "Kyrgyz: алма (alma)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "alt",
"2": "алама"
},
"expansion": "Southern Altai: алама (alama)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "alma",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Hungarian: alma",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xsv",
"2": "ałm",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Sudovian: ałm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Common Turkic:\n** Proto-Oghuz: *alma\n*** West Oghuz:\n**** Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (alma)\n***** Azerbaijani: alma\n***** Ottoman Turkish: الما, آلما (alma)\nTurkish: elma\n→ Middle Armenian: Էլմա (Ēlma)\n*** East Oghuz:\n**** Turkmen: alma\n** Karluk:\n*** Karakhanid: اَلْما (alma)\n**** Khorezmian Turkic: الما (alma)\n***** Chagatai: الما (alma)\n****** Uzbek: olma\n****** Uyghur: ئالما (alma)\n** Kipchak:\n*** Kipchak: الما (alma)\n**** North Kipchak:\n***** Bashkir: алма (alma)\n***** Tatar: алма (alma)\n****** → Chuvash: улма (ulma) (likely)\n****** → Udmurt: улмо (ulmo)\n****** → Western Mari: олма (olma)\n****** → Eastern Mari: олма (olma)\n**** West Kipchak:\n***** Crimean Tatar: alma\n***** Karachay-Balkar: алма (alma)\n***** Kumyk: алма (alma)\n***** Urum: алма\n**** South Kipchak:\n***** Kazakh: алма (alma)\n***** Karakalpak: алма\n***** Nogai: алма (alma)\n**** East Kipchak:\n***** Kyrgyz: алма (alma)\n***** Southern Altai: алама (alama)\n** → Hungarian: alma\n** →? Sudovian: ałm"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "sa",
"3": "अम्ल",
"t": "sour"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit अम्ल (amla, “sour”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "sa",
"3": "अमल",
"t": "immaculate, white, shining; emblic, amla"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit अमल (amala, “immaculate, white, shining; emblic, amla”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "ira"
},
"expansion": "Iranian",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ar",
"2": "أَمْلَج"
},
"expansion": "Arabic أَمْلَج (ʔamlaj)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "sa",
"3": "आम्र",
"t": "mango"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit आम्र (āmra, “mango”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ar",
"2": "أَنْبَج"
},
"expansion": "Arabic أَنْبَج (ʔanbaj)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂ébōl"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "apple"
},
"expansion": "English apple",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "malum"
},
"expansion": "Latin malum",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "μῆλον",
"t": "apple"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek μῆλον (mêlon, “apple”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Several possibilities:\n* From Sanskrit अम्ल (amla, “sour”), but its plant name usage is for wood-sorrel.\n* From Sanskrit अमल (amala, “immaculate, white, shining; emblic, amla”), आमलक (āmalaka), आमलकी (āmalakī, “emblic”), widely passed into Iranian and via Arabic أَمْلَج (ʔamlaj) into European.\n* From Sanskrit आम्र (āmra, “mango”), also widely passed, but reflects instead with -mb-, exemplarily Arabic أَنْبَج (ʔanbaj).\n* Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl, the same root whence also English apple, with the immediate source perhaps being Tocharian .\n* From *āl + Latin malum.\n* From *a(ː)lima, from *almïla, as attested in Karakhanid, in turn possibly cognate with Ancient Greek μῆλον (mêlon, “apple”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "trk-cmn-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "alma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "almalar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "almanïŋ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "almalarnïŋ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "almaka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "almalarka",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "almada",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "almalarda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "almadan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "almalardan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "almalarïn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "almača",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"equative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "almalarča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"equative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "*alma",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "a"
},
"name": "trk-cmn-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Turkic",
"lang_code": "trk-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/alma",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Common Turkic",
"Proto-Turkic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Turkic lemmas",
"Proto-Turkic nouns",
"trk-pro:Fruits"
],
"glosses": [
"apple (Common Turkic)"
],
"links": [
[
"apple",
"apple"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Karakhanid"
]
}
],
"word": "alma"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Turkic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-06-06 using wiktextract (6c02f21 and 0136956). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.