See xala in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for xala meaning in Proto-Slavic (17.2kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "xalina"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "xalica"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "xalъka"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": ">? *xalǫga"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "scrub, hedge, bundle",
"word": "xaliga"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "cottage",
"word": ">? *xalupa"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "халь",
"g": "f",
"t": "rag"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: халь f (xalʹ, “rag”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: халь f (xalʹ, “rag”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "хальё",
"qq": "dialectal",
"t": "old dress"
},
"expansion": "Russian: хальё (xalʹjó, “old dress”) (dialectal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: хальё (xalʹjó, “old dress”) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "хал",
"3": "ха́ловщина",
"der": "1",
"t2": "junk, worthless stuff"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Russian: хал (xal), ха́ловщина (xálovščina, “junk, worthless stuff”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Russian: хал (xal), ха́ловщина (xálovščina, “junk, worthless stuff”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "ха́лище",
"t": "rough fabric, mat",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Bulgarian: ха́лище (hálište, “rough fabric, mat”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Bulgarian: ха́лище (hálište, “rough fabric, mat”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "алишта",
"g": "p",
"t": "clothing",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Macedonian: алишта pl (ališta, “clothing”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Macedonian: алишта pl (ališta, “clothing”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "ха̏ља",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: ха̏ља",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: ха̏ља, ха̀љина"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "hȁlja",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: hȁlja",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: hȁlja, hàljina"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "hálja",
"alt": "",
"bor": "",
"der": "",
"g": "",
"pos": "",
"t": ""
},
"expansion": "Slovene: hálja",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tonal orthography"
},
"expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
"name": "i"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hálja"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: hálja (tonal orthography)",
"name": "desc/sl-tonal"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: hálja (tonal orthography)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "chała",
"qq": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "Polish: chała (dialectal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: chała (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "chalka",
"3": "halka",
"der": "1",
"t2": "overgarment"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Polish: chalka, halka (“overgarment”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Polish: chalka, halka (“overgarment”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Pomeranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "csb",
"2": "chałë",
"g": "p",
"t": "rags"
},
"expansion": "Kashubian: chałë pl (“rags”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kashubian: chałë pl (“rags”)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*ksōleh₂"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ksōleh₂",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*xalati",
"3": "*-a",
"t1": "to wear out, to rag"
},
"expansion": "*xalati (“to wear out, to rag”) + *-a",
"name": "affix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*xajati",
"3": "*xati",
"t": "to stagger, to reel; to be concerned"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *xati (“to stagger, to reel; to be concerned”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kes-",
"4": "",
"5": "to mow"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to mow”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Per Snoj and Trubačev, from Proto-Indo-European *ksōleh₂, *ksōlyeh₂, perhaps an action/resultant noun of *xalati (“to wear out, to rag”) + *-a or substantivized from the l-participle of Proto-Slavic *xati (“to stagger, to reel; to be concerned”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to mow”). Trubačev further identifies this term with Etymology 2.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "xàla",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accent-paradigm"
]
},
{
"form": "xala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "xàly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xàly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlamъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlǫ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "xàly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlojǫ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlǭ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlamī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlasъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlaxъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "xàly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"ap": "a"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xala",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "vanity, futility",
"word": ">? *xalostь"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "xalavъ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "avid, insatiable",
"tags": [
"possibly"
],
"word": "xalovitъ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "to tend, to care for",
"tags": [
"possibly"
],
"word": "xoliti"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "56 44",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm a",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "80 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-a",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"something torn, shattered, worn-out"
],
"id": "en-xala-sla-pro-noun-53BvZgLC",
"links": [
[
"torn",
"torn"
],
[
"shattered",
"shattered"
],
[
"worn-out",
"worn-out"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"cheap cloth, rag"
],
"id": "en-xala-sla-pro-noun-JOzI~muA",
"links": [
[
"cheap",
"cheap"
],
[
"cloth",
"cloth"
],
[
"rag",
"rag"
]
],
"qualifier": "via specialization",
"raw_glosses": [
"(via specialization) cheap cloth, rag"
],
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "36 64",
"sense": "*xalъkъ, *xalovъ (“crummy, intrusive; insolent, quarrelsome (for person)”)",
"word": "naxalъ"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 64",
"english": "insolent person",
"sense": "*xalъkъ, *xalovъ (“crummy, intrusive; insolent, quarrelsome (for person)”)",
"word": "xalujь"
},
{
"_dis1": "36 64",
"english": "bounder, slob",
"sense": "*xalъkъ, *xalovъ (“crummy, intrusive; insolent, quarrelsome (for person)”)",
"word": ">? *xalъda"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "i-stem",
"word": "xalь"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "jā-stem, in South Slavic",
"word": "xaľa"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Marko Snoj"
],
"word": "xala"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "халаве́й",
"der": "1",
"qq": "dialectal",
"t": "gale, high wind; fig. empty-headed person"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Russian: халаве́й (xalavéj, “gale, high wind; fig. empty-headed person”) (dialectal)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*xala",
"3": "*vějь",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "*xala + *vějь",
"name": "compound"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Russian: халаве́й (xalavéj, “gale, high wind; fig. empty-headed person”) (dialectal) (< *xala + *vějь)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "ха́ла"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: ха́ла (hála)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: ха́ла (hála)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "ала",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Macedonian: ала (ala)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Macedonian: ала (ala)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "а́ла",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: а́ла",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: а́ла, ха́ла"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "ála",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: ála",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: ála, hála"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "chala",
"3": "ochala",
"t2": "tall man, giant",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Czech: chala, ochala (“tall man, giant”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": ">? Czech: chala, ochala (“tall man, giant”) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-slv",
"2": "χała",
"t": "large creature",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Slovincian: χała (“large creature”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Slovincian: χała (“large creature”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Non-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "hală",
"bor": "1",
"t": "mythical being, monster"
},
"expansion": "→ Romanian: hală (“mythical being, monster”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "regional"
},
"expansion": "(regional)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "→ Romanian: hală (“mythical being, monster”) (regional)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Ala (demon)"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "wp"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "grc",
"3": "χάλαζα",
"4": "",
"5": "hail"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek χάλαζα (khálaza, “hail”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*želdъ",
"3": "",
"4": "sleet"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *želdъ (“sleet”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*xoliti",
"3": "",
"4": "to indulge, to behave"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *xoliti (“to indulge, to behave”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "skaláuti",
"3": "",
"4": "to rinse"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian skaláuti (“to rinse”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*xalěti",
"3": "*-a",
"t1": "to bash, to strike"
},
"expansion": "*xalěti (“to bash, to strike”) + *-a",
"name": "affix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "grc",
"3": "χαλάω",
"4": "",
"5": "to wreck havoc, to slacken"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek χαλάω (khaláō, “to wreck havoc, to slacken”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "хало́сам",
"3": "",
"4": "to smack"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian хало́сам (halósam, “to smack”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ota",
"2": "آلا",
"t": "spotted, variegated",
"tr": "ala"
},
"expansion": "Ottoman Turkish آلا (ala, “spotted, variegated”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unclear. Several proposed etymologies exist:\n* Based on sense “hail, blizzard, tempest”:\n** Borrowed origin: According to Iv. Georgieva, from some dialectal form of Ancient Greek χάλαζα (khálaza, “hail”), likely cognate with Proto-Slavic *želdъ (“sleet”).\n** Native grammatical origin: Per Brückner, related to *xalěpa (“bad weather”) (of disputed origin), *xoľavъ (“murky, muddy”). Possibly akin to Etymology 1 + Proto-Slavic *xoliti (“to indulge, to behave”) and further to Lithuanian skaláuti (“to rinse”).\n* Based on sense “typhon, calamity”:\n** Native or borrowed expressive origin: Per M. Bjeletić, from *xaliti, *xalěti (“to bash, to strike”) + *-a or from Ancient Greek χαλάω (khaláō, “to wreck havoc, to slacken”) (whence Bulgarian хало́сам (halósam, “to smack”)).\n** Onomatopoeic origin: Per Iljinsky, possibly akin to semi-onomatopoeic *šalъ (“intemperate, naughty”), *šaliti (“to play pranks, to infuriate”). Favoured by Trubačev and Meljničuk (ESSJa).\n** Substantivized origin: Perhaps from a substantivization of *xalavъ (“insatiable, gluttonous”), *xalъkъ (“insolent”), related to the above hypothesis.\n* Based on sense “dragon” in Serbian and Macedonian:\n** Recent borrowing from Ottoman Turkish: According to early Serbo-Croatian philologists, South Slavic term has developed from Ottoman Turkish آلا (ala, “spotted, variegated”), euphemistic for ییلان (yılan, “snake”). Correspondances in other branches are presumably coincidental. Disputed on phonetical basis by Trubačev, Brückner, and some Serbo-Croatian linguists.\nSkok does not exclude contamination of various sources.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "xala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xalě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "xaly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xaly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xalu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "xalъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xalě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xalama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "xalamъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xalǫ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xalě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "xaly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xalojǫ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xalǫ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xalama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "xalami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xalě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xalu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "xalasъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xalaxъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xalo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "xalě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "xaly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xala",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "15 23 61",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "xalętina"
},
{
"word": "xališče"
},
{
"tags": [
"augmentative"
],
"word": "xalina"
}
],
"glosses": [
"tempest, blizzard, hail-bringer depicted as a serpentine or ichthyoid monster, as a stormy nebula, or personified as a witch"
],
"id": "en-xala-sla-pro-noun-anLfWdT4",
"links": [
[
"Slavic",
"Slavic"
],
[
"mythology",
"mythology"
],
[
"tempest",
"tempest"
],
[
"blizzard",
"blizzard"
],
[
"hail",
"hail"
],
[
"bringer",
"bringer"
],
[
"serpentine",
"serpentine"
],
[
"ichthyoid",
"ichthyoid"
],
[
"stormy",
"stormy"
],
[
"nebula",
"nebula"
],
[
"witch",
"witch"
]
],
"qualifier": "Slavic mythology",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Slavic mythology) tempest, blizzard, hail-bringer depicted as a serpentine or ichthyoid monster, as a stormy nebula, or personified as a witch"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*xmara"
},
{
"word": "*vila"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "xala"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Slavic hard a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm a",
"Proto-Slavic nouns",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Slavic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-a"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "xalina"
},
{
"word": "xalica"
},
{
"word": "xalъka"
},
{
"word": ">? *xalǫga"
},
{
"english": "scrub, hedge, bundle",
"word": "xaliga"
},
{
"english": "cottage",
"word": ">? *xalupa"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "халь",
"g": "f",
"t": "rag"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: халь f (xalʹ, “rag”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: халь f (xalʹ, “rag”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "хальё",
"qq": "dialectal",
"t": "old dress"
},
"expansion": "Russian: хальё (xalʹjó, “old dress”) (dialectal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: хальё (xalʹjó, “old dress”) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "хал",
"3": "ха́ловщина",
"der": "1",
"t2": "junk, worthless stuff"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Russian: хал (xal), ха́ловщина (xálovščina, “junk, worthless stuff”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Russian: хал (xal), ха́ловщина (xálovščina, “junk, worthless stuff”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "ха́лище",
"t": "rough fabric, mat",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Bulgarian: ха́лище (hálište, “rough fabric, mat”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Bulgarian: ха́лище (hálište, “rough fabric, mat”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "алишта",
"g": "p",
"t": "clothing",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Macedonian: алишта pl (ališta, “clothing”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Macedonian: алишта pl (ališta, “clothing”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "ха̏ља",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: ха̏ља",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: ха̏ља, ха̀љина"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "hȁlja",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: hȁlja",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: hȁlja, hàljina"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "hálja",
"alt": "",
"bor": "",
"der": "",
"g": "",
"pos": "",
"t": ""
},
"expansion": "Slovene: hálja",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tonal orthography"
},
"expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
"name": "i"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hálja"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: hálja (tonal orthography)",
"name": "desc/sl-tonal"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: hálja (tonal orthography)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "chała",
"qq": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "Polish: chała (dialectal)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: chała (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "chalka",
"3": "halka",
"der": "1",
"t2": "overgarment"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Polish: chalka, halka (“overgarment”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Polish: chalka, halka (“overgarment”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Pomeranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "csb",
"2": "chałë",
"g": "p",
"t": "rags"
},
"expansion": "Kashubian: chałë pl (“rags”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kashubian: chałë pl (“rags”)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*ksōleh₂"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ksōleh₂",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*xalati",
"3": "*-a",
"t1": "to wear out, to rag"
},
"expansion": "*xalati (“to wear out, to rag”) + *-a",
"name": "affix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*xajati",
"3": "*xati",
"t": "to stagger, to reel; to be concerned"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *xati (“to stagger, to reel; to be concerned”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kes-",
"4": "",
"5": "to mow"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to mow”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Per Snoj and Trubačev, from Proto-Indo-European *ksōleh₂, *ksōlyeh₂, perhaps an action/resultant noun of *xalati (“to wear out, to rag”) + *-a or substantivized from the l-participle of Proto-Slavic *xati (“to stagger, to reel; to be concerned”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to mow”). Trubačev further identifies this term with Etymology 2.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "xàla",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accent-paradigm"
]
},
{
"form": "xala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "xàly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xàly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlamъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlǫ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "xàly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlojǫ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlǭ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlamī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlasъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlaxъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "xàlě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "xàly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"ap": "a"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xala",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"sense": "*xalъkъ, *xalovъ (“crummy, intrusive; insolent, quarrelsome (for person)”)",
"word": "naxalъ"
},
{
"english": "insolent person",
"sense": "*xalъkъ, *xalovъ (“crummy, intrusive; insolent, quarrelsome (for person)”)",
"word": "xalujь"
},
{
"english": "bounder, slob",
"sense": "*xalъkъ, *xalovъ (“crummy, intrusive; insolent, quarrelsome (for person)”)",
"word": ">? *xalъda"
},
{
"english": "vanity, futility",
"word": ">? *xalostь"
},
{
"word": "xalavъ"
},
{
"english": "avid, insatiable",
"tags": [
"possibly"
],
"word": "xalovitъ"
},
{
"english": "to tend, to care for",
"tags": [
"possibly"
],
"word": "xoliti"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"something torn, shattered, worn-out"
],
"links": [
[
"torn",
"torn"
],
[
"shattered",
"shattered"
],
[
"worn-out",
"worn-out"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"cheap cloth, rag"
],
"links": [
[
"cheap",
"cheap"
],
[
"cloth",
"cloth"
],
[
"rag",
"rag"
]
],
"qualifier": "via specialization",
"raw_glosses": [
"(via specialization) cheap cloth, rag"
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "i-stem",
"word": "xalь"
},
{
"roman": "jā-stem, in South Slavic",
"word": "xaľa"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Marko Snoj"
],
"word": "xala"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Slavic hard a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic nouns"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "xalętina"
},
{
"word": "xališče"
},
{
"tags": [
"augmentative"
],
"word": "xalina"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "халаве́й",
"der": "1",
"qq": "dialectal",
"t": "gale, high wind; fig. empty-headed person"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Russian: халаве́й (xalavéj, “gale, high wind; fig. empty-headed person”) (dialectal)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*xala",
"3": "*vějь",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "*xala + *vějь",
"name": "compound"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Russian: халаве́й (xalavéj, “gale, high wind; fig. empty-headed person”) (dialectal) (< *xala + *vějь)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "ха́ла"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: ха́ла (hála)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: ха́ла (hála)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "ала",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Macedonian: ала (ala)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Macedonian: ала (ala)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "а́ла",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: а́ла",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: а́ла, ха́ла"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "ála",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: ála",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: ála, hála"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "chala",
"3": "ochala",
"t2": "tall man, giant",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Czech: chala, ochala (“tall man, giant”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": ">? Czech: chala, ochala (“tall man, giant”) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-slv",
"2": "χała",
"t": "large creature",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Slovincian: χała (“large creature”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Slovincian: χała (“large creature”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Non-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "hală",
"bor": "1",
"t": "mythical being, monster"
},
"expansion": "→ Romanian: hală (“mythical being, monster”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "regional"
},
"expansion": "(regional)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "→ Romanian: hală (“mythical being, monster”) (regional)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Ala (demon)"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "wp"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "grc",
"3": "χάλαζα",
"4": "",
"5": "hail"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek χάλαζα (khálaza, “hail”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*želdъ",
"3": "",
"4": "sleet"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *želdъ (“sleet”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*xoliti",
"3": "",
"4": "to indulge, to behave"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *xoliti (“to indulge, to behave”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "skaláuti",
"3": "",
"4": "to rinse"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian skaláuti (“to rinse”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*xalěti",
"3": "*-a",
"t1": "to bash, to strike"
},
"expansion": "*xalěti (“to bash, to strike”) + *-a",
"name": "affix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "grc",
"3": "χαλάω",
"4": "",
"5": "to wreck havoc, to slacken"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek χαλάω (khaláō, “to wreck havoc, to slacken”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "хало́сам",
"3": "",
"4": "to smack"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian хало́сам (halósam, “to smack”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ota",
"2": "آلا",
"t": "spotted, variegated",
"tr": "ala"
},
"expansion": "Ottoman Turkish آلا (ala, “spotted, variegated”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unclear. Several proposed etymologies exist:\n* Based on sense “hail, blizzard, tempest”:\n** Borrowed origin: According to Iv. Georgieva, from some dialectal form of Ancient Greek χάλαζα (khálaza, “hail”), likely cognate with Proto-Slavic *želdъ (“sleet”).\n** Native grammatical origin: Per Brückner, related to *xalěpa (“bad weather”) (of disputed origin), *xoľavъ (“murky, muddy”). Possibly akin to Etymology 1 + Proto-Slavic *xoliti (“to indulge, to behave”) and further to Lithuanian skaláuti (“to rinse”).\n* Based on sense “typhon, calamity”:\n** Native or borrowed expressive origin: Per M. Bjeletić, from *xaliti, *xalěti (“to bash, to strike”) + *-a or from Ancient Greek χαλάω (khaláō, “to wreck havoc, to slacken”) (whence Bulgarian хало́сам (halósam, “to smack”)).\n** Onomatopoeic origin: Per Iljinsky, possibly akin to semi-onomatopoeic *šalъ (“intemperate, naughty”), *šaliti (“to play pranks, to infuriate”). Favoured by Trubačev and Meljničuk (ESSJa).\n** Substantivized origin: Perhaps from a substantivization of *xalavъ (“insatiable, gluttonous”), *xalъkъ (“insolent”), related to the above hypothesis.\n* Based on sense “dragon” in Serbian and Macedonian:\n** Recent borrowing from Ottoman Turkish: According to early Serbo-Croatian philologists, South Slavic term has developed from Ottoman Turkish آلا (ala, “spotted, variegated”), euphemistic for ییلان (yılan, “snake”). Correspondances in other branches are presumably coincidental. Disputed on phonetical basis by Trubačev, Brückner, and some Serbo-Croatian linguists.\nSkok does not exclude contamination of various sources.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "xala",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xalě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "xaly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xaly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xalu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "xalъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xalě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xalama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "xalamъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xalǫ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xalě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "xaly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xalojǫ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xalǫ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xalama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "xalami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xalě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "xalu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "xalasъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xalaxъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "xalo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "xalě",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "xaly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xala",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"sla-pro:Slavic mythology"
],
"glosses": [
"tempest, blizzard, hail-bringer depicted as a serpentine or ichthyoid monster, as a stormy nebula, or personified as a witch"
],
"links": [
[
"Slavic",
"Slavic"
],
[
"mythology",
"mythology"
],
[
"tempest",
"tempest"
],
[
"blizzard",
"blizzard"
],
[
"hail",
"hail"
],
[
"bringer",
"bringer"
],
[
"serpentine",
"serpentine"
],
[
"ichthyoid",
"ichthyoid"
],
[
"stormy",
"stormy"
],
[
"nebula",
"nebula"
],
[
"witch",
"witch"
]
],
"qualifier": "Slavic mythology",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Slavic mythology) tempest, blizzard, hail-bringer depicted as a serpentine or ichthyoid monster, as a stormy nebula, or personified as a witch"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*xmara"
},
{
"word": "*vila"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "xala"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Slavic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-06-06 using wiktextract (6c02f21 and 0136956). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.