See tovariščь in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "taváryš",
"word": "тава́рыш"
},
{
"lang": "Carpathian Rusyn",
"lang_code": "rue",
"roman": "továryš",
"word": "това́риш"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "tovarăș"
}
],
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "továryš",
"word": "това́риш"
}
],
"lang": "Old Ruthenian",
"lang_code": "zle-ort",
"roman": "tovarišč",
"word": "товарищъ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "taváryš",
"word": "тава́рыш"
},
{
"lang": "Carpathian Rusyn",
"lang_code": "rue",
"roman": "továryš",
"word": "това́риш"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "tovarăș"
}
],
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "továryš",
"word": "това́риш"
}
],
"lang": "Old Ruthenian",
"lang_code": "zle-ort",
"roman": "tovaryšč",
"word": "товарыщъ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "taváryš",
"word": "тава́рыш"
},
{
"lang": "Carpathian Rusyn",
"lang_code": "rue",
"roman": "továryš",
"word": "това́риш"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "tovarăș"
}
],
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "továryš",
"word": "това́риш"
}
],
"lang": "Old Ruthenian",
"lang_code": "zle-ort",
"roman": "tovariš",
"word": "товаришъ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "taváryš",
"word": "тава́рыш"
},
{
"lang": "Carpathian Rusyn",
"lang_code": "rue",
"roman": "továryš",
"word": "това́риш"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "tovarăș"
}
],
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "továryš",
"word": "това́риш"
}
],
"lang": "Old Ruthenian",
"lang_code": "zle-ort",
"roman": "tovaryš",
"word": "товарышъ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Cyrillic script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "това̑риш"
},
{
"lang": "Latin script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "tovȃriš"
}
],
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "továrišč",
"word": "това́рищ"
}
],
"lang": "Old East Slavic",
"lang_code": "orv",
"roman": "tovariščĭ",
"word": "товарищь"
}
],
"lang": "East Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "South Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "tovaryš"
}
],
"lang": "Old Czech",
"lang_code": "zlw-ocs",
"word": "tovařiš"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "tovaryš"
}
],
"lang": "Old Czech",
"lang_code": "zlw-ocs",
"word": "tovaryš"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"word": "towarzysz"
},
{
"lang": "Silesian",
"lang_code": "szl",
"word": "tŏwarzisz"
}
],
"lang": "Old Polish",
"lang_code": "zlw-opl",
"word": "towarzysz"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Pannonian Rusyn",
"lang_code": "rsk",
"roman": "tovariš",
"word": "товариш"
},
{
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"word": "tovariš"
}
],
"lang": "Old Slovak",
"lang_code": "zlw-osk",
"word": "tovariš"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Kashubian",
"lang_code": "csb",
"word": "towarzësz"
},
{
"lang": "Slovincian",
"lang_code": "zlw-slv",
"word": "tôwarzësz"
}
],
"lang": "Pomeranian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Upper Sorbian",
"lang_code": "hsb",
"word": "towarš"
},
{
"lang": "Lower Sorbian",
"lang_code": "dsb",
"word": "towariš"
}
],
"lang": "Sorbian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "West Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*tovarъ",
"3": "*-iščь"
},
"expansion": "*tovarъ + *-iščь",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "trk"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Turkic",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "trk-pro",
"3": "*tabar",
"t": "wares, goods, livestock"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *tabar (“wares, goods, livestock”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "trk-pro",
"3": "*ẹ̄ĺ",
"4": "",
"5": "friend, companion, mate"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄ĺ (“friend, companion, mate”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *tovarъ + *-iščь. Borrowed from Turkic: Proto-Turkic *tabar (“wares, goods, livestock”) and Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄ĺ (“friend, companion, mate”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "tovariščь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tovarišča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "tovarišči",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tovarišča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tovarišču",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "tovariščь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tovarišču",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tovariščema",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "tovariščemъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tovariščь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tovarišča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "tovariščę̇",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tovariščьmь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tovariščemь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tovariščema",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "tovarišči",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tovarišči",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tovarišču",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "tovariščixъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tovarišču",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "tovarišča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "tovarišči",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m",
"stem": "o"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tovariščь",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-iščь",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"friend, comrade, companion"
],
"id": "en-tovariščь-sla-pro-noun-i0BGnPIs",
"links": [
[
"friend",
"friend"
],
[
"comrade",
"comrade"
],
[
"companion",
"companion"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "tovariščь"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "taváryš",
"word": "тава́рыш"
},
{
"lang": "Carpathian Rusyn",
"lang_code": "rue",
"roman": "továryš",
"word": "това́риш"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "tovarăș"
}
],
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "továryš",
"word": "това́риш"
}
],
"lang": "Old Ruthenian",
"lang_code": "zle-ort",
"roman": "tovarišč",
"word": "товарищъ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "taváryš",
"word": "тава́рыш"
},
{
"lang": "Carpathian Rusyn",
"lang_code": "rue",
"roman": "továryš",
"word": "това́риш"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "tovarăș"
}
],
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "továryš",
"word": "това́риш"
}
],
"lang": "Old Ruthenian",
"lang_code": "zle-ort",
"roman": "tovaryšč",
"word": "товарыщъ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "taváryš",
"word": "тава́рыш"
},
{
"lang": "Carpathian Rusyn",
"lang_code": "rue",
"roman": "továryš",
"word": "това́риш"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "tovarăș"
}
],
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "továryš",
"word": "това́риш"
}
],
"lang": "Old Ruthenian",
"lang_code": "zle-ort",
"roman": "tovariš",
"word": "товаришъ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "taváryš",
"word": "тава́рыш"
},
{
"lang": "Carpathian Rusyn",
"lang_code": "rue",
"roman": "továryš",
"word": "това́риш"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "tovarăș"
}
],
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "továryš",
"word": "това́риш"
}
],
"lang": "Old Ruthenian",
"lang_code": "zle-ort",
"roman": "tovaryš",
"word": "товарышъ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Cyrillic script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "това̑риш"
},
{
"lang": "Latin script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "tovȃriš"
}
],
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "továrišč",
"word": "това́рищ"
}
],
"lang": "Old East Slavic",
"lang_code": "orv",
"roman": "tovariščĭ",
"word": "товарищь"
}
],
"lang": "East Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "South Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "tovaryš"
}
],
"lang": "Old Czech",
"lang_code": "zlw-ocs",
"word": "tovařiš"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "tovaryš"
}
],
"lang": "Old Czech",
"lang_code": "zlw-ocs",
"word": "tovaryš"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"word": "towarzysz"
},
{
"lang": "Silesian",
"lang_code": "szl",
"word": "tŏwarzisz"
}
],
"lang": "Old Polish",
"lang_code": "zlw-opl",
"word": "towarzysz"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Pannonian Rusyn",
"lang_code": "rsk",
"roman": "tovariš",
"word": "товариш"
},
{
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"word": "tovariš"
}
],
"lang": "Old Slovak",
"lang_code": "zlw-osk",
"word": "tovariš"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Kashubian",
"lang_code": "csb",
"word": "towarzësz"
},
{
"lang": "Slovincian",
"lang_code": "zlw-slv",
"word": "tôwarzësz"
}
],
"lang": "Pomeranian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Upper Sorbian",
"lang_code": "hsb",
"word": "towarš"
},
{
"lang": "Lower Sorbian",
"lang_code": "dsb",
"word": "towariš"
}
],
"lang": "Sorbian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "West Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*tovarъ",
"3": "*-iščь"
},
"expansion": "*tovarъ + *-iščь",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "trk"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Turkic",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "trk-pro",
"3": "*tabar",
"t": "wares, goods, livestock"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *tabar (“wares, goods, livestock”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "trk-pro",
"3": "*ẹ̄ĺ",
"4": "",
"5": "friend, companion, mate"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄ĺ (“friend, companion, mate”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *tovarъ + *-iščь. Borrowed from Turkic: Proto-Turkic *tabar (“wares, goods, livestock”) and Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄ĺ (“friend, companion, mate”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "tovariščь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tovarišča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "tovarišči",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tovarišča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tovarišču",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "tovariščь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tovarišču",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tovariščema",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "tovariščemъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tovariščь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tovarišča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "tovariščę̇",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tovariščьmь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tovariščemь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tovariščema",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "tovarišči",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tovarišči",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tovarišču",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "tovariščixъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tovarišču",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "tovarišča",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "tovarišči",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m",
"stem": "o"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tovariščь",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Slavic nouns",
"Proto-Slavic soft masculine o-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic soft o-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic terms borrowed from Turkic languages",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Turkic",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Turkic languages",
"Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-iščь"
],
"glosses": [
"friend, comrade, companion"
],
"links": [
[
"friend",
"friend"
],
[
"comrade",
"comrade"
],
[
"companion",
"companion"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "tovariščь"
}
Download raw JSONL data for tovariščь meaning in Proto-Slavic (7.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Slavic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-09-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-23 using wiktextract (20da82b and a97feda). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.