See topolь in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "tapólja",
"word": "тапо́ля"
},
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "tópalʹ",
"word": "то́паль"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "tópolʹ",
"word": "то́поль"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "topólja",
"word": "топо́ля"
}
],
"lang": "Old East Slavic",
"lang_code": "orv",
"roman": "topolĭ",
"word": "тополь"
}
],
"lang": "East Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Cyrillic script",
"lang_code": "cu",
"roman": "topolĭ",
"word": "тополь"
},
{
"lang": "Glagolitic script",
"lang_code": "cu",
"roman": "topolĭ",
"word": "ⱅⱁⱂⱁⰾⱐ"
}
],
"lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
"lang_code": "cu"
},
{
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "topóla",
"word": "топо́ла"
},
{
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "topola",
"word": "топола"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Cyrillic script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "топо̀ла"
},
{
"lang": "Latin script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "topòla"
}
],
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh"
},
{
"lang": "Slovene",
"lang_code": "sl",
"raw_tags": [
"m"
],
"word": "topol"
},
{
"lang": "Slovene",
"lang_code": "sl",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "topola"
}
],
"lang": "South Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "topol"
}
],
"lang": "Old Czech",
"lang_code": "zlw-ocs",
"word": "topol"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"word": "topola"
}
],
"lang": "Old Polish",
"lang_code": "zlw-opl",
"word": "topola"
},
{
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"word": "topoľ"
},
{
"lang": "Pannonian Rusyn",
"lang_code": "rsk",
"roman": "topolja",
"word": "тополя"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Upper Sorbian",
"lang_code": "hsb",
"word": "topoł"
},
{
"lang": "Lower Sorbian",
"lang_code": "dsb",
"word": "topoł"
}
],
"lang": "Sorbian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "West Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "Topola",
"sense": "a village at the northern coast of Bulgaria",
"word": "Топола"
},
{
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"roman": "Topoloviḱ",
"sense": "a village in Macedonia",
"word": "Тополовиќ"
},
{
"lang": "Byzantine Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"roman": "Topolobíkos",
"sense": "a beck south of Αγία Βαρβάρα (Agía Varvára)",
"word": "Τοπολοβίκος"
},
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "a part of the town of Chrudim in Czechia",
"word": "Topol"
},
{
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"sense": "town in the west of Slovakia",
"word": "Topoľčany"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "Topolja",
"word": "Тополя"
},
{
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"sense": "a village in the far east of Slovakia",
"word": "Topoľa"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "Topolja",
"sense": "two villages in the north of Ukraine",
"word": "Тополя"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "túopa",
"3": "",
"4": "poplar"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian túopa (“poplar”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "unknown",
"name": "unknown"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pōpulus",
"3": "",
"4": "poplar"
},
"expansion": "Latin pōpulus (“poplar”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Pappel"
},
"expansion": "German Pappel",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "papele"
},
"expansion": "Latvian papele",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "plop"
},
"expansion": "Romanian plop",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "plep"
},
"expansion": "Albanian plep",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πτελέα",
"3": "πτελέη",
"t": "elm"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πτελέη (pteléē, “elm”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*pelH-",
"3": "",
"4": "pale, gray"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pelH- (“pale, gray”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Likely akin to Lithuanian túopa (“poplar”), but beyond that unknown. Possibly related in some manner to Latin pōpulus (“poplar”) (whence German Pappel, Latvian papele). A direct borrowing from Vulgar Latin is usually dismissed, because Eastern Romance languages reflect instead an alternative form *ploppus → Romanian plop, Albanian plep.\nPer Walde-Hoffmann, perhaps further akin to Ancient Greek πτελέη (pteléē, “elm”), ultimately from reduplication and subsequent dissimilation *p - p- → *t - p- of Proto-Indo-European *pelH- (“pale, gray”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "tȍpolь",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "*topólъ",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "*topoľa",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "*topola",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "topolь",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topoli",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "topolьje",
"roman": "topoľe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topoli",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topolьju",
"roman": "topoľu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "topolьjь",
"roman": "topoli",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topoli",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topolьma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "topolьmъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topolь",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topoli",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "topoli",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topolьmь",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topolьma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "topolьmi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topoli",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topolьju",
"roman": "topoľu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "topolьxъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topoli",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "topoli",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "topolьje",
"roman": "topoľe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/topolь",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"poplar (genus of trees in family Salicaceae)"
],
"id": "en-topolь-sla-pro-noun-y-uIlY4t",
"links": [
[
"poplar",
"poplar"
],
[
"Salicaceae",
"Salicaceae#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"sense": "*osa (“aspen”)",
"word": "⇒ *osika"
},
{
"sense": "*osa (“aspen”)",
"tags": [
"variant"
],
"word": "osina"
},
{
"english": "trembling poplar",
"translation": "trembling poplar",
"word": "trepetьlika"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Marko Snoj",
"pl:Topola (ujednoznacznienie)",
"sh:Topolje (razvrstavanje)"
]
}
],
"word": "topolь"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "tapólja",
"word": "тапо́ля"
},
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "tópalʹ",
"word": "то́паль"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "tópolʹ",
"word": "то́поль"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "topólja",
"word": "топо́ля"
}
],
"lang": "Old East Slavic",
"lang_code": "orv",
"roman": "topolĭ",
"word": "тополь"
}
],
"lang": "East Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Cyrillic script",
"lang_code": "cu",
"roman": "topolĭ",
"word": "тополь"
},
{
"lang": "Glagolitic script",
"lang_code": "cu",
"roman": "topolĭ",
"word": "ⱅⱁⱂⱁⰾⱐ"
}
],
"lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
"lang_code": "cu"
},
{
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "topóla",
"word": "топо́ла"
},
{
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "topola",
"word": "топола"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Cyrillic script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "топо̀ла"
},
{
"lang": "Latin script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "topòla"
}
],
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh"
},
{
"lang": "Slovene",
"lang_code": "sl",
"raw_tags": [
"m"
],
"word": "topol"
},
{
"lang": "Slovene",
"lang_code": "sl",
"raw_tags": [
"f"
],
"word": "topola"
}
],
"lang": "South Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "topol"
}
],
"lang": "Old Czech",
"lang_code": "zlw-ocs",
"word": "topol"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"word": "topola"
}
],
"lang": "Old Polish",
"lang_code": "zlw-opl",
"word": "topola"
},
{
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"word": "topoľ"
},
{
"lang": "Pannonian Rusyn",
"lang_code": "rsk",
"roman": "topolja",
"word": "тополя"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Upper Sorbian",
"lang_code": "hsb",
"word": "topoł"
},
{
"lang": "Lower Sorbian",
"lang_code": "dsb",
"word": "topoł"
}
],
"lang": "Sorbian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "West Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "Topola",
"sense": "a village at the northern coast of Bulgaria",
"word": "Топола"
},
{
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"roman": "Topoloviḱ",
"sense": "a village in Macedonia",
"word": "Тополовиќ"
},
{
"lang": "Byzantine Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"roman": "Topolobíkos",
"sense": "a beck south of Αγία Βαρβάρα (Agía Varvára)",
"word": "Τοπολοβίκος"
},
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "a part of the town of Chrudim in Czechia",
"word": "Topol"
},
{
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"sense": "town in the west of Slovakia",
"word": "Topoľčany"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "Topolja",
"word": "Тополя"
},
{
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"sense": "a village in the far east of Slovakia",
"word": "Topoľa"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "Topolja",
"sense": "two villages in the north of Ukraine",
"word": "Тополя"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "túopa",
"3": "",
"4": "poplar"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian túopa (“poplar”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "unknown",
"name": "unknown"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pōpulus",
"3": "",
"4": "poplar"
},
"expansion": "Latin pōpulus (“poplar”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Pappel"
},
"expansion": "German Pappel",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "papele"
},
"expansion": "Latvian papele",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "plop"
},
"expansion": "Romanian plop",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "plep"
},
"expansion": "Albanian plep",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πτελέα",
"3": "πτελέη",
"t": "elm"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πτελέη (pteléē, “elm”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*pelH-",
"3": "",
"4": "pale, gray"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pelH- (“pale, gray”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Likely akin to Lithuanian túopa (“poplar”), but beyond that unknown. Possibly related in some manner to Latin pōpulus (“poplar”) (whence German Pappel, Latvian papele). A direct borrowing from Vulgar Latin is usually dismissed, because Eastern Romance languages reflect instead an alternative form *ploppus → Romanian plop, Albanian plep.\nPer Walde-Hoffmann, perhaps further akin to Ancient Greek πτελέη (pteléē, “elm”), ultimately from reduplication and subsequent dissimilation *p - p- → *t - p- of Proto-Indo-European *pelH- (“pale, gray”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "tȍpolь",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "*topólъ",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "*topoľa",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "*topola",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "topolь",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topoli",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "topolьje",
"roman": "topoľe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topoli",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topolьju",
"roman": "topoľu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "topolьjь",
"roman": "topoli",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topoli",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topolьma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "topolьmъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topolь",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topoli",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "topoli",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topolьmь",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topolьma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "topolьmi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topoli",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "topolьju",
"roman": "topoľu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "topolьxъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "topoli",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "topoli",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "topolьje",
"roman": "topoľe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/topolь",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"sense": "*osa (“aspen”)",
"word": "⇒ *osika"
},
{
"sense": "*osa (“aspen”)",
"tags": [
"variant"
],
"word": "osina"
},
{
"english": "trembling poplar",
"translation": "trembling poplar",
"word": "trepetьlika"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic i-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic masculine i-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Slavic nouns",
"Proto-Slavic terms with unknown etymologies",
"sla-pro:Willows and poplars"
],
"glosses": [
"poplar (genus of trees in family Salicaceae)"
],
"links": [
[
"poplar",
"poplar"
],
[
"Salicaceae",
"Salicaceae#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Marko Snoj",
"pl:Topola (ujednoznacznienie)",
"sh:Topolje (razvrstavanje)"
]
}
],
"word": "topolь"
}
Download raw JSONL data for topolь meaning in Proto-Slavic (7.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Slavic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-09-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-23 using wiktextract (20da82b and a97feda). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.