See skula in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "ску́ла",
"t": "injury"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: ску́ла (skúla, “injury”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: ску́ла (skúla, “injury”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "скула́"
},
"expansion": "Russian: скула́ (skulá)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: скула́ (skulá)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "skuła",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Polish: skuła",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Polish: skuła"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "ску́ла",
"t": "injury"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: ску́ла (skúla, “injury”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: ску́ла (skúla, “injury”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Church Slavonic: скула (skula)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "ску́ла"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: ску́ла (skúla)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: ску́ла (skúla)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "skȗlа",
"alt": "",
"bor": "",
"der": "",
"g": "",
"pos": "",
"t": ""
},
"expansion": "Slovene: skȗlа",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tonal orthography"
},
"expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
"name": "i"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "skȗlа"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: skȗlа (tonal orthography)",
"name": "desc/sl-tonal"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: skȗlа (tonal orthography)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "skulina",
"t": "cleft"
},
"expansion": "Czech: skulina (“cleft”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: skulina (“cleft”) (with *-ina extension)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "skulinа",
"t": "injury"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: skulinа (“injury”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: skulinа (“injury”) (with *-ina extension)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*káuˀlas",
"4": "",
"5": "bone"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *káuˀlas (“bone”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "káulas"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian káulas",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "kauls"
},
"expansion": "Latvian kauls",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain. It is not even certain if all meanings of the word descend from the same source, especially given that not all descendants agree on the place of the stress.\nThe meaning cheekbone is likely derived from a s-mobile variant of Proto-Balto-Slavic *káuˀlas (“bone”), which also gave Lithuanian káulas and Latvian kauls. These Slavic form differs in grammatical gender from the Baltic lemmas, however, this can be explained with the broad shape of the cheek bone (conveyed via the collective marker *-h₂), in contrast to the generic meaning of the Baltic forms.\nThe other meanings, conveying cleft or injury/blister, are most likely belongs to the same proto-root as *xyliti, the s-mobile counterpart of *kyla.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "skùla",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accent-paradigm"
]
},
{
"form": "skùla",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "skùly",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "skùly",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlamъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "skùly",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlojǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlamī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlasъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlaxъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "skùly",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "skùla",
"ap": "a",
"g": "f",
"stem": "a"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/skula",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "hernia",
"word": "kyla"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "to bend over, to crumble",
"word": "xyliti"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"cheekbone"
],
"id": "en-skula-sla-pro-noun-s1iUY~-0",
"links": [
[
"cheekbone",
"cheekbone"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 45 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 54 45",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 57 41",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm a",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cleft"
],
"id": "en-skula-sla-pro-noun-gq1SRuqB",
"links": [
[
"cleft",
"cleft"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 45 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 54 45",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"blister, disease"
],
"id": "en-skula-sla-pro-noun-whf4p7Hx",
"links": [
[
"blister",
"blister"
],
[
"disease",
"disease"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "skula"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Slavic hard a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic nominals with accent paradigm a",
"Proto-Slavic nouns",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Proto-Slavic terms with unknown etymologies",
"sla-pro:Bones",
"sla-pro:Face",
"sla-pro:Medicine"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "ску́ла",
"t": "injury"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: ску́ла (skúla, “injury”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: ску́ла (skúla, “injury”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "скула́"
},
"expansion": "Russian: скула́ (skulá)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: скула́ (skulá)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "skuła",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Polish: skuła",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Polish: skuła"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "ску́ла",
"t": "injury"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: ску́ла (skúla, “injury”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: ску́ла (skúla, “injury”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Church Slavonic: скула (skula)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "ску́ла"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: ску́ла (skúla)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: ску́ла (skúla)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "skȗlа",
"alt": "",
"bor": "",
"der": "",
"g": "",
"pos": "",
"t": ""
},
"expansion": "Slovene: skȗlа",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tonal orthography"
},
"expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
"name": "i"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "skȗlа"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: skȗlа (tonal orthography)",
"name": "desc/sl-tonal"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: skȗlа (tonal orthography)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "skulina",
"t": "cleft"
},
"expansion": "Czech: skulina (“cleft”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: skulina (“cleft”) (with *-ina extension)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "skulinа",
"t": "injury"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: skulinа (“injury”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: skulinа (“injury”) (with *-ina extension)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*káuˀlas",
"4": "",
"5": "bone"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *káuˀlas (“bone”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "káulas"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian káulas",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "kauls"
},
"expansion": "Latvian kauls",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain. It is not even certain if all meanings of the word descend from the same source, especially given that not all descendants agree on the place of the stress.\nThe meaning cheekbone is likely derived from a s-mobile variant of Proto-Balto-Slavic *káuˀlas (“bone”), which also gave Lithuanian káulas and Latvian kauls. These Slavic form differs in grammatical gender from the Baltic lemmas, however, this can be explained with the broad shape of the cheek bone (conveyed via the collective marker *-h₂), in contrast to the generic meaning of the Baltic forms.\nThe other meanings, conveying cleft or injury/blister, are most likely belongs to the same proto-root as *xyliti, the s-mobile counterpart of *kyla.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "skùla",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accent-paradigm"
]
},
{
"form": "skùla",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "skùly",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "skùly",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlamъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "skùly",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlojǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlamī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlasъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlaxъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "skùlě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "skùly",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "skùla",
"ap": "a",
"g": "f",
"stem": "a"
},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/skula",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"english": "hernia",
"word": "kyla"
},
{
"english": "to bend over, to crumble",
"word": "xyliti"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"cheekbone"
],
"links": [
[
"cheekbone",
"cheekbone"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"cleft"
],
"links": [
[
"cleft",
"cleft"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"blister, disease"
],
"links": [
[
"blister",
"blister"
],
[
"disease",
"disease"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "skula"
}
Download raw JSONL data for skula meaning in Proto-Slavic (6.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Slavic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.