See -ežь in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "-jež",
"word": "-еж"
},
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "-jož",
"word": "-ёж"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-jóžʹ",
"word": "-ёжь"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-jóž",
"word": "-ёж"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-ež",
"word": "-еж"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "-iž",
"word": "-іж"
}
],
"lang": "Old East Slavic",
"lang_code": "orv",
"roman": "-ježĭ",
"word": "-ежь"
}
],
"lang": "East Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Cyrillic script",
"lang_code": "cu",
"roman": "-ežĭ",
"word": "-єжь"
},
{
"lang": "Glagolitic script",
"lang_code": "cu",
"roman": "-ežĭ",
"word": "-ⰵⰶⱐ"
}
],
"lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
"lang_code": "cu"
},
{
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "-ež",
"word": "-еж"
},
{
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "-ež",
"word": "-еж"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Cyrillic script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "-еж"
},
{
"lang": "Latin script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "-ež"
}
],
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh"
},
{
"lang": "Slovene",
"lang_code": "sl",
"word": "-ež"
}
],
"lang": "South Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "-ež"
},
{
"lang": "Kashubian",
"lang_code": "csb",
"word": "-éż"
},
{
"lang": "Kashubian",
"lang_code": "csb",
"word": "-éżô"
},
{
"lang": "Kashubian",
"lang_code": "csb",
"word": "-ża"
},
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"word": "-eż"
},
{
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"word": "-ež"
},
{
"lang": "Slovincian",
"lang_code": "zlw-slv",
"word": "-éż"
}
],
"lang": "West Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"id": "nominal"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la-vul",
"2": "-āgium"
},
"expansion": "Vulgar Latin -āgium",
"name": "noncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "According to Matasović, the origin of the suffix is unclear. He dismisses an old theory due to Vaillant for borrowing ultimately from Vulgar Latin -āgium, because there are not any loanwords in proto-Slavic which display this suffix.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eža",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eži",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-eža",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežema",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežemъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eža",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežę̇",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežьmь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežemь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežema",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "-eži",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-eži",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežixъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eža",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eži",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "*-ěžь",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ežь",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic_verbs_ending_in_-C-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic_verbs_ending_in_-a-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic_verbs_ending_in_-i-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "58 42",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "56 44",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "57 43",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "61 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "From verbs ending in -C- */padti/ > *pasti (“to fall”) → *padežь (“fall”)",
"text": "/mętti/ > *męsti (“to mix”) → *mętežь (“chaos, confusion”)\nsluti (“to utter”) → *slovežь (“utterance”)\norsti (“to grow, to rise”) → *orstežь (“growth”)"
},
{
"ref": "From verbs ending in -i- *grabiti (“to grab, to seize”) → *grabežь (“grabbing”)",
"text": "paliti (“to ignite, to set on fire”) → *paležь (“arson”)"
},
{
"ref": "From verbs ending in -a- *drapati (“to scratch”) → *drapežь (“plunder”)",
"text": "čьrtati (“to draw”) → *čьrtežь (“sketch”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Deverbal, forming action nouns."
],
"id": "en--ežь-sla-pro-suffix-mlp6DeW2",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "moldъ (“young”) → *moldežь (“youth”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Deadjectival, forming abstract or agent nouns."
],
"id": "en--ežь-sla-pro-suffix-rlGnln1W",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ežь"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic masculine suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic noun-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Slavic soft masculine o-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic soft o-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic suffixes"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "-jež",
"word": "-еж"
},
{
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "-jož",
"word": "-ёж"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-jóžʹ",
"word": "-ёжь"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-jóž",
"word": "-ёж"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "-ež",
"word": "-еж"
},
{
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "-iž",
"word": "-іж"
}
],
"lang": "Old East Slavic",
"lang_code": "orv",
"roman": "-ježĭ",
"word": "-ежь"
}
],
"lang": "East Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Cyrillic script",
"lang_code": "cu",
"roman": "-ežĭ",
"word": "-єжь"
},
{
"lang": "Glagolitic script",
"lang_code": "cu",
"roman": "-ežĭ",
"word": "-ⰵⰶⱐ"
}
],
"lang": "Old Church Slavonic",
"lang_code": "cu"
},
{
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "-ež",
"word": "-еж"
},
{
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "-ež",
"word": "-еж"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Cyrillic script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "-еж"
},
{
"lang": "Latin script",
"lang_code": "sh",
"word": "-ež"
}
],
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh"
},
{
"lang": "Slovene",
"lang_code": "sl",
"word": "-ež"
}
],
"lang": "South Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "-ež"
},
{
"lang": "Kashubian",
"lang_code": "csb",
"word": "-éż"
},
{
"lang": "Kashubian",
"lang_code": "csb",
"word": "-éżô"
},
{
"lang": "Kashubian",
"lang_code": "csb",
"word": "-ża"
},
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"word": "-eż"
},
{
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"word": "-ež"
},
{
"lang": "Slovincian",
"lang_code": "zlw-slv",
"word": "-éż"
}
],
"lang": "West Slavic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"id": "nominal"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la-vul",
"2": "-āgium"
},
"expansion": "Vulgar Latin -āgium",
"name": "noncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "According to Matasović, the origin of the suffix is unclear. He dismisses an old theory due to Vaillant for borrowing ultimately from Vulgar Latin -āgium, because there are not any loanwords in proto-Slavic which display this suffix.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eža",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eži",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-eža",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežema",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežemъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eža",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežę̇",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežьmь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežemь",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežema",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "-eži",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-eži",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežixъ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ežu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eža",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eži",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "*-ěžь",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ežь",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Slavic_verbs_ending_in_-C-",
"Proto-Slavic_verbs_ending_in_-a-",
"Proto-Slavic_verbs_ending_in_-i-"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "From verbs ending in -C- */padti/ > *pasti (“to fall”) → *padežь (“fall”)",
"text": "/mętti/ > *męsti (“to mix”) → *mętežь (“chaos, confusion”)\nsluti (“to utter”) → *slovežь (“utterance”)\norsti (“to grow, to rise”) → *orstežь (“growth”)"
},
{
"ref": "From verbs ending in -i- *grabiti (“to grab, to seize”) → *grabežь (“grabbing”)",
"text": "paliti (“to ignite, to set on fire”) → *paležь (“arson”)"
},
{
"ref": "From verbs ending in -a- *drapati (“to scratch”) → *drapežь (“plunder”)",
"text": "čьrtati (“to draw”) → *čьrtežь (“sketch”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Deverbal, forming action nouns."
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "moldъ (“young”) → *moldežь (“youth”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Deadjectival, forming abstract or agent nouns."
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ežь"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ežь meaning in Proto-Slavic (5.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Slavic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-10-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-10-01 using wiktextract (c8bd62c and a979ada). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.