See čula in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "чу́ла",
"3": "чуло́",
"t": "owl",
"t2": "owlet"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: чу́ла (čúla, “owl”), чуло́ (čuló, “owlet”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: чу́ла (čúla, “owl”), чуло́ (čuló, “owlet”) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian: (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "чу̏ла",
"sclb": "1",
"t": "owl"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: чу̏ла (“owl”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: чу̏ла (“owl”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "čȕla",
"sclb": "1",
"t": "owl"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: čȕla (“owl”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: čȕla (“owl”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "čúla",
"alt": "",
"bor": "",
"der": "",
"g": "",
"pos": "",
"t": "hog"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: čúla (“hog”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tonal orthography"
},
"expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
"name": "i"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "čúla",
"gloss": "hog"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: čúla (“hog”) (tonal orthography)",
"name": "desc/sl-tonal"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: čúla (“hog”) (tonal orthography) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "čȗlək",
"alt": "",
"bor": "",
"der": "1",
"g": "",
"pos": "",
"t": ""
},
"expansion": "⇒ Slovene: čȗlək",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tonal orthography"
},
"expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
"name": "i"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "čȗlək",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Slovene: čȗlək (tonal orthography)",
"name": "desc/sl-tonal"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Slovene: čȗlək (tonal orthography)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*čuti",
"3": "*-lъ",
"t1": "to grump"
},
"expansion": "*čuti (“to grump”) + *-lъ",
"name": "affix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*čьvati",
"3": "",
"4": "to bark, to harass"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *čьvati (“to bark, to harass”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "kiaũlė",
"3": "",
"4": "pig"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian kiaũlė (“pig”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)kewh₁-",
"4": "",
"5": "to perceive"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁- (“to perceive”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)kewH-",
"4": "",
"5": "to cover"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to cover”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably substantized l-participle of an obsolete onomatopoeic verb *čuti (“to grump”) + *-lъ, attested as Proto-Slavic *čьvati (“to bark, to harass”). Cognate (as per Bezlaj, Karaliūnas) with Lithuanian kiaũlė (“pig”).\nAlternative proposals:\n* From grammatical *čuti (“to hear, to sense”) < Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁- (“to perceive”) with semantic inversion senseful → deaf, silent.\n* From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to cover”), associating the grumpy demeanour of the animal as a result of cautiousness (for hogs) or stealthiness (for owls).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "čula",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "čulě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "čuly",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "čuly",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "čulu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "čulъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "čulě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "čulama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "čulamъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "čulǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "čulě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "čuly",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "čulojǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "čulǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "čulama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "čulami",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "čulě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "čulu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "čulasъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "čulaxъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "čulo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "čulě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "čuly",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/čula",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-lъ",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "→ hog (Western South Slavic)"
},
{
"text": "→ owlet (Eastern South Slavic)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"animal with low-pitch call or growl"
],
"id": "en-čula-sla-pro-noun-HtwDG8rI",
"links": [
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"call",
"call"
],
[
"growl",
"growl"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "čьvati"
},
{
"english": "to bark, to slander, to harass",
"word": "ščьvati"
},
{
"english": "boredom",
"word": "skuka"
},
{
"english": "scops owl; hooting bird",
"roman": "čúhal",
"sense": "*čuxъ (“growl, sniffle”)",
"word": "⇒ Bulgarian: чу́хал"
},
{
"english": "pig; sniffing, growling animal",
"roman": "čúxa",
"sense": "*čuxъ (“growl, sniffle”)",
"word": "⇒ Russian: чу́ха"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "čulo"
},
{
"tags": [
"diminutive"
],
"word": "čulę"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "čula"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "чу́ла",
"3": "чуло́",
"t": "owl",
"t2": "owlet"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: чу́ла (čúla, “owl”), чуло́ (čuló, “owlet”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: чу́ла (čúla, “owl”), чуло́ (čuló, “owlet”) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian: (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "чу̏ла",
"sclb": "1",
"t": "owl"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: чу̏ла (“owl”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: чу̏ла (“owl”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "čȕla",
"sclb": "1",
"t": "owl"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: čȕla (“owl”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: čȕla (“owl”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "čúla",
"alt": "",
"bor": "",
"der": "",
"g": "",
"pos": "",
"t": "hog"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: čúla (“hog”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tonal orthography"
},
"expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
"name": "i"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "čúla",
"gloss": "hog"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: čúla (“hog”) (tonal orthography)",
"name": "desc/sl-tonal"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: čúla (“hog”) (tonal orthography) (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "čȗlək",
"alt": "",
"bor": "",
"der": "1",
"g": "",
"pos": "",
"t": ""
},
"expansion": "⇒ Slovene: čȗlək",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tonal orthography"
},
"expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
"name": "i"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "čȗlək",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Slovene: čȗlək (tonal orthography)",
"name": "desc/sl-tonal"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Slovene: čȗlək (tonal orthography)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*čuti",
"3": "*-lъ",
"t1": "to grump"
},
"expansion": "*čuti (“to grump”) + *-lъ",
"name": "affix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*čьvati",
"3": "",
"4": "to bark, to harass"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *čьvati (“to bark, to harass”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "kiaũlė",
"3": "",
"4": "pig"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian kiaũlė (“pig”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)kewh₁-",
"4": "",
"5": "to perceive"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁- (“to perceive”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)kewH-",
"4": "",
"5": "to cover"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to cover”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably substantized l-participle of an obsolete onomatopoeic verb *čuti (“to grump”) + *-lъ, attested as Proto-Slavic *čьvati (“to bark, to harass”). Cognate (as per Bezlaj, Karaliūnas) with Lithuanian kiaũlė (“pig”).\nAlternative proposals:\n* From grammatical *čuti (“to hear, to sense”) < Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁- (“to perceive”) with semantic inversion senseful → deaf, silent.\n* From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH- (“to cover”), associating the grumpy demeanour of the animal as a result of cautiousness (for hogs) or stealthiness (for owls).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sla-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "čula",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "čulě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "čuly",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "čuly",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "čulu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "čulъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "čulě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "čulama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "čulamъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "čulǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "čulě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "čuly",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "čulojǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "čulǫ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "čulama",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "čulami",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "čulě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "čulu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "čulasъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "čulaxъ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "čulo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "čulě",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "čuly",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sla-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/čula",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "čьvati"
},
{
"english": "to bark, to slander, to harass",
"word": "ščьvati"
},
{
"english": "scops owl; hooting bird",
"roman": "čúhal",
"sense": "*čuxъ (“growl, sniffle”)",
"word": "⇒ Bulgarian: чу́хал"
},
{
"english": "pig; sniffing, growling animal",
"roman": "čúxa",
"sense": "*čuxъ (“growl, sniffle”)",
"word": "⇒ Russian: чу́ха"
},
{
"english": "boredom",
"word": "skuka"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Slavic hard a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic nouns",
"Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-lъ",
"sla-pro:Birds of prey",
"sla-pro:Pigs"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "→ hog (Western South Slavic)"
},
{
"text": "→ owlet (Eastern South Slavic)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"animal with low-pitch call or growl"
],
"links": [
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"call",
"call"
],
[
"growl",
"growl"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "čulo"
},
{
"tags": [
"diminutive"
],
"word": "čulę"
}
],
"word": "čula"
}
Download raw JSONL data for čula meaning in Proto-Slavic (6.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Slavic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.