See wĺ̥kʷos in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for wĺ̥kʷos meaning in Proto-Indo-European (10.6kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*ulka"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *ulka",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *ulka (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒉿𒀠𒆪𒉿𒀸",
"tr": "wa-al-ku-wa-aš"
},
"expansion": "Hittite: 𒉿𒀠𒆪𒉿𒀸 (wa-al-ku-wa-aš)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hittite: 𒉿𒀠𒆪𒉿𒀸 (wa-al-ku-wa-aš)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xlu",
"2": "𔑪",
"3": "𒌨𒈤",
"sc": "Hluw",
"sc2": "Xsux",
"t2": "lion",
"tr2": "walwa/i"
},
"expansion": "Luwian: 𔑪, 𒌨𒈤 (walwa/i, “lion”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "only attested in personal names"
},
"expansion": "(only attested in personal names)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Luwian: 𔑪, 𒌨𒈤 (walwa/i, “lion”) (only attested in personal names)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xld",
"2": "𐤥𐤠𐤩𐤥𐤤",
"t": "lion"
},
"expansion": "Lydian: 𐤥𐤠𐤩𐤥𐤤 (walwe, “lion”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lydian: 𐤥𐤠𐤩𐤥𐤤 (walwe, “lion”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*wilkás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wilkás",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wilkás (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ulkos",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Celtic: *ulkos",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Celtic: *ulkos (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*wulfaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *wulfaz",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *wulfaz (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*lúkos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *lúkos",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *lúkos (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*wŕ̥kas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wŕ̥kas",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wŕ̥kas (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*lukʷos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *lukʷos",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *lukʷos (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pae",
"2": "Λυκκ-",
"3": "Λυκπ-"
},
"expansion": "Paeonian: Λυκκ- (Lukk-), Λυκπ- (Lukp-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Paeonian: Λυκκ- (Lukk-), Λυκπ- (Lukp-) (< *lukʷos)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro",
"2": "*wälkʷë",
"alt": "*wä́lkʷë"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian: *wä́lkʷë",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian: *wä́lkʷë"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "walkwe"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B: walkwe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian B: walkwe"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒉿𒀠𒆪𒉿𒀸",
"t": "something negative",
"tr": "walkuwa-"
},
"expansion": "Hittite 𒉿𒀠𒆪𒉿𒀸 (walkuwa-, “something negative”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "olc",
"t": "evil"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish olc (“evil”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "अवृक",
"lit": "not wild",
"t": "safe",
"tr": "avṛká"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit अवृक (avṛká, “safe”, literally “not wild”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "कृष्ण",
"t": "black antelope",
"tr": "kṛ́ṣṇa"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit कृष्ण (kṛ́ṣṇa, “black antelope”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "vulpēs"
},
"expansion": "Latin vulpēs",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "wylf"
},
"expansion": "Old English wylf",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "wülpe"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German wülpe",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "ylgr",
"t": "she-wolf"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse ylgr (“she-wolf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*waylos",
"t": "howler"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *waylos (“howler”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "գայլ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian գայլ (gayl)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mga",
"2": "fáel"
},
"expansion": "Middle Irish fáel",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The word *wĺ̥kʷos is a thematic accented zero-grade noun perhaps derived from the adjective *wl̥kʷós (“dangerous”); compare Hittite 𒉿𒀠𒆪𒉿𒀸 (walkuwa-, “something negative”), Old Irish olc (“evil”), Sanskrit अवृक (avṛká, “safe”, literally “not wild”), वृकतात् (vṛká-tāt, “savagery”). Stress shift onto the zero-grade is consistent with nominalized adjectives: compare Sanskrit कृष्ण (kṛ́ṣṇa, “black antelope”) from कृष्ण (kṛṣṇá, “black”). Alternatively, the word may be a derivative of the verbal root *welh₂- (“to tear up”). In either case, the word's formation closely resembles that of *h₂ŕ̥tḱos (“bear”), another thematic accented zero-grade noun whose referent is an animal subject to cultural taboos.\nThe Latin and Greek reflexes are unexpected (vs. expected Lat. *vulquus, Gk. *álpos, according to the regular progression PIE *l̥ > Lat. ol (later o changes to u in some places) , Gk. al). The Latin reflex is a borrowing from Osco-Umbrian (where PIE */kʷ/ regularly gave /p/), and both the Italic and Greek reflexes underwent metathesis pointing to an alternative reconstruction *lúkʷos, possibly as a taboo deformation meant to offset the fear usually associated with the animal. A deformation would explain the metathesis of */w/ and */l/, which also occurred in Greek (*wĺ̥kʷos → *lúkʷos → λύκος (lúkos)), and also explains the presence of delabialized /k/ per the boukólos rule (regardless of whether it is Proto-Indo-European already or only Proto-Greek). In both cases, the expected forms are so close to the word for “fox” – compare Latin vulpēs, ἀλώπηξ (alṓpēx) – that avoiding conflation of the two words for “wolf” and “fox” may have motivated either alteration or borrowing.\nMost of the Germanic reflexes, with */kʷ/ > */g(ʷ)/ > */b/ > */p/ > /f/, also underwent unusual sound changes, as seen in Old English wylf, Middle High German wülpe < *wulbi < *wulgʷī́ < *wl̥kʷíh₂s. But the velar was retained in at least one form, i. e. Old Norse ylgr (“she-wolf”).\nArmenian and Celtic have replaced the word with Proto-Indo-European *waylos (“howler”) due to taboo; compare Old Armenian գայլ (gayl), Middle Irish fáel. In Celtic, *kū (“hound, dog”) is also used to designate the wolf.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "non-ablauting",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ine-decl-noun-mf",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷoh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷoes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷoh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷoes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷoh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷoms",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷosyo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷoHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷead",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷomos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷoey",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷomos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷey",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷoy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷoysu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷoh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷōys",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "noun",
"3": "non-ablauting",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "-",
"f2nolink": "1",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"head5": ""
},
"expansion": "*wĺ̥kʷos (non-ablauting)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wĺ̥kʷo"
},
"name": "ine-decl-noun-mf"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wĺ̥kʷos",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "she-wolf",
"word": "wl̥kʷíh₂s"
}
],
"glosses": [
"wolf"
],
"id": "en-wĺ̥kʷos-ine-pro-noun-92thuWLb",
"links": [
[
"wolf",
"wolf"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "wĺ̥kʷos"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"english": "she-wolf",
"word": "wl̥kʷíh₂s"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*ulka"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *ulka",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *ulka (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒉿𒀠𒆪𒉿𒀸",
"tr": "wa-al-ku-wa-aš"
},
"expansion": "Hittite: 𒉿𒀠𒆪𒉿𒀸 (wa-al-ku-wa-aš)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hittite: 𒉿𒀠𒆪𒉿𒀸 (wa-al-ku-wa-aš)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xlu",
"2": "𔑪",
"3": "𒌨𒈤",
"sc": "Hluw",
"sc2": "Xsux",
"t2": "lion",
"tr2": "walwa/i"
},
"expansion": "Luwian: 𔑪, 𒌨𒈤 (walwa/i, “lion”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "only attested in personal names"
},
"expansion": "(only attested in personal names)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Luwian: 𔑪, 𒌨𒈤 (walwa/i, “lion”) (only attested in personal names)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xld",
"2": "𐤥𐤠𐤩𐤥𐤤",
"t": "lion"
},
"expansion": "Lydian: 𐤥𐤠𐤩𐤥𐤤 (walwe, “lion”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lydian: 𐤥𐤠𐤩𐤥𐤤 (walwe, “lion”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*wilkás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wilkás",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wilkás (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ulkos",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Celtic: *ulkos",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Celtic: *ulkos (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*wulfaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *wulfaz",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *wulfaz (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*lúkos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *lúkos",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *lúkos (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*wŕ̥kas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wŕ̥kas",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wŕ̥kas (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*lukʷos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *lukʷos",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *lukʷos (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pae",
"2": "Λυκκ-",
"3": "Λυκπ-"
},
"expansion": "Paeonian: Λυκκ- (Lukk-), Λυκπ- (Lukp-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Paeonian: Λυκκ- (Lukk-), Λυκπ- (Lukp-) (< *lukʷos)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro",
"2": "*wälkʷë",
"alt": "*wä́lkʷë"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian: *wä́lkʷë",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian: *wä́lkʷë"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "walkwe"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B: walkwe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian B: walkwe"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒉿𒀠𒆪𒉿𒀸",
"t": "something negative",
"tr": "walkuwa-"
},
"expansion": "Hittite 𒉿𒀠𒆪𒉿𒀸 (walkuwa-, “something negative”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "olc",
"t": "evil"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish olc (“evil”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "अवृक",
"lit": "not wild",
"t": "safe",
"tr": "avṛká"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit अवृक (avṛká, “safe”, literally “not wild”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "कृष्ण",
"t": "black antelope",
"tr": "kṛ́ṣṇa"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit कृष्ण (kṛ́ṣṇa, “black antelope”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "vulpēs"
},
"expansion": "Latin vulpēs",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "wylf"
},
"expansion": "Old English wylf",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "wülpe"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German wülpe",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "ylgr",
"t": "she-wolf"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse ylgr (“she-wolf”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*waylos",
"t": "howler"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *waylos (“howler”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "գայլ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian գայլ (gayl)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mga",
"2": "fáel"
},
"expansion": "Middle Irish fáel",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The word *wĺ̥kʷos is a thematic accented zero-grade noun perhaps derived from the adjective *wl̥kʷós (“dangerous”); compare Hittite 𒉿𒀠𒆪𒉿𒀸 (walkuwa-, “something negative”), Old Irish olc (“evil”), Sanskrit अवृक (avṛká, “safe”, literally “not wild”), वृकतात् (vṛká-tāt, “savagery”). Stress shift onto the zero-grade is consistent with nominalized adjectives: compare Sanskrit कृष्ण (kṛ́ṣṇa, “black antelope”) from कृष्ण (kṛṣṇá, “black”). Alternatively, the word may be a derivative of the verbal root *welh₂- (“to tear up”). In either case, the word's formation closely resembles that of *h₂ŕ̥tḱos (“bear”), another thematic accented zero-grade noun whose referent is an animal subject to cultural taboos.\nThe Latin and Greek reflexes are unexpected (vs. expected Lat. *vulquus, Gk. *álpos, according to the regular progression PIE *l̥ > Lat. ol (later o changes to u in some places) , Gk. al). The Latin reflex is a borrowing from Osco-Umbrian (where PIE */kʷ/ regularly gave /p/), and both the Italic and Greek reflexes underwent metathesis pointing to an alternative reconstruction *lúkʷos, possibly as a taboo deformation meant to offset the fear usually associated with the animal. A deformation would explain the metathesis of */w/ and */l/, which also occurred in Greek (*wĺ̥kʷos → *lúkʷos → λύκος (lúkos)), and also explains the presence of delabialized /k/ per the boukólos rule (regardless of whether it is Proto-Indo-European already or only Proto-Greek). In both cases, the expected forms are so close to the word for “fox” – compare Latin vulpēs, ἀλώπηξ (alṓpēx) – that avoiding conflation of the two words for “wolf” and “fox” may have motivated either alteration or borrowing.\nMost of the Germanic reflexes, with */kʷ/ > */g(ʷ)/ > */b/ > */p/ > /f/, also underwent unusual sound changes, as seen in Old English wylf, Middle High German wülpe < *wulbi < *wulgʷī́ < *wl̥kʷíh₂s. But the velar was retained in at least one form, i. e. Old Norse ylgr (“she-wolf”).\nArmenian and Celtic have replaced the word with Proto-Indo-European *waylos (“howler”) due to taboo; compare Old Armenian գայլ (gayl), Middle Irish fáel. In Celtic, *kū (“hound, dog”) is also used to designate the wolf.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "non-ablauting",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ine-decl-noun-mf",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷoh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷoes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷoh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷoes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷoh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷoms",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷosyo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷoHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷead",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷomos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷoey",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷomos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷey",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷoy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷoysu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷoh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "wĺ̥kʷōys",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "noun",
"3": "non-ablauting",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "-",
"f2nolink": "1",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"head5": ""
},
"expansion": "*wĺ̥kʷos (non-ablauting)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wĺ̥kʷo"
},
"name": "ine-decl-noun-mf"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wĺ̥kʷos",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European nouns",
"Proto-Indo-European thematic o-stem nouns",
"Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"ine-pro:Canids"
],
"glosses": [
"wolf"
],
"links": [
[
"wolf",
"wolf"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "wĺ̥kʷos"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-06-20 using wiktextract (1b9bfc5 and 0136956). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.