See tres- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for tres- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (7.5kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*trés-e-ti (thematic present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*tréhō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *tréhō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *tréhō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "τρέω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: τρέω (tréō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: τρέω (tréō)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*trestós",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *trestós",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *trestós"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἄτρεστος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ἄτρεστος (átrestos)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ἄτρεστος (átrestos)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*trásati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trásati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trásati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*trásati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *trásati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *trásati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "त्रसति",
"tr": "trásati"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: त्रसति (trásati)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: त्रसति (trásati) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*trastás",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Indo-Aryan: *trastás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Indo-Aryan: *trastás"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "त्रस्त",
"tr": "trastá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: त्रस्त (trastá)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: त्रस्त (trastá)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tr̥s-sḱé-ti (*sḱe-inchoative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*tr̥sćáti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥sćáti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥sćáti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*tr̥ŝáti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *tr̥ŝáti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *tr̥ŝáti (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tros-éye-ti (causative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*trāsáyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trāsáyati",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trāsáyati (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*trozeō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *trozeō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *trozeō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "terreō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: terreō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: terreō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xum",
"2": "𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄𐌕𐌖"
},
"expansion": "Umbrian: 𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄𐌕𐌖 (tusetu)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Umbrian: 𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄𐌕𐌖 (tusetu), tursitu (3sg.ipv.II); 𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌕𐌖 (tusetutu), tursotuto (3p.ipv.II), tursiandu (3p.pr.sb.ps.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tr̥s-éh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*torsā",
"pos": "The name of a goddess, invoked to curse enemies"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *torsā (The name of a goddess, invoked to curse enemies)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *torsā (The name of a goddess, invoked to curse enemies)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xum",
"2": "𐌕𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄"
},
"expansion": "Umbrian: 𐌕𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄 (tupse)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Umbrian: 𐌕𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄 (tupse), 𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄 (tuse), turse (dat.sg.); tursar (gen.sg.); tursa (voc.sg.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*trés-mn̥"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*trásma"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trásma",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trásma"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*θráhma"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *θráhma",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *θráhma (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tr̥s-ró-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*trəhrós"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *trəhrós",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *trəhrós"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "τρηρόν"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: τρηρόν (trērón)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: τρηρόν (trērón), τρήρων (trḗrōn)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Doric Greek: τρᾱρόν (trārón), τᾱρόν (tārón)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tr̥s-tó-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*tr̥štás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥štás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥štás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*tr̥štáh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *tr̥štáh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *tr̥štáh"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬀"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬀 (taršta)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬀 (taršta)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xpr",
"2": "𐫤𐫏𐫡𐫘𐫀𐫅"
},
"expansion": "Parthian: 𐫤𐫏𐫡𐫘𐫀𐫅 (tyrsʾd)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Parthian: 𐫤𐫏𐫡𐫘𐫀𐫅 (tyrsʾd)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal",
"2": "-",
"ts": "tarsīd"
},
"expansion": "Middle Persian: (/tarsīd/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Persian: (/tarsīd/)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal",
"2": "𐫤𐫏𐫡𐫘𐫀𐫅",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫏𐫡𐫘𐫀𐫅 (tyrsʾd)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫏𐫡𐫘𐫀𐫅 (tyrsʾd)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal",
"sc": "Phlv",
"sclb": "1",
"tr": "tlsyt"
},
"expansion": "Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (tlsyt)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (tlsyt)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tres-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CReC-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European imperfective roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to tremble (with fear)"
],
"id": "en-tres--ine-pro-root-H1ShwRMJ",
"links": [
[
"tremble",
"tremble"
],
[
"fear",
"fear"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "trem-"
},
{
"word": "trep-"
}
],
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
]
}
],
"word": "tres-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*trés-e-ti (thematic present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*tréhō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *tréhō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *tréhō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "τρέω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: τρέω (tréō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: τρέω (tréō)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*trestós",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *trestós",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *trestós"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἄτρεστος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ἄτρεστος (átrestos)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ἄτρεστος (átrestos)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*trásati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trásati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trásati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*trásati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *trásati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *trásati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "त्रसति",
"tr": "trásati"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: त्रसति (trásati)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: त्रसति (trásati) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*trastás",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Indo-Aryan: *trastás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Indo-Aryan: *trastás"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "त्रस्त",
"tr": "trastá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: त्रस्त (trastá)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: त्रस्त (trastá)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tr̥s-sḱé-ti (*sḱe-inchoative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*tr̥sćáti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥sćáti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥sćáti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*tr̥ŝáti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *tr̥ŝáti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *tr̥ŝáti (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tros-éye-ti (causative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*trāsáyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trāsáyati",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trāsáyati (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*trozeō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *trozeō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *trozeō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "terreō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: terreō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: terreō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xum",
"2": "𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄𐌕𐌖"
},
"expansion": "Umbrian: 𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄𐌕𐌖 (tusetu)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Umbrian: 𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄𐌕𐌖 (tusetu), tursitu (3sg.ipv.II); 𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄𐌕𐌖𐌕𐌖 (tusetutu), tursotuto (3p.ipv.II), tursiandu (3p.pr.sb.ps.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tr̥s-éh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*torsā",
"pos": "The name of a goddess, invoked to curse enemies"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *torsā (The name of a goddess, invoked to curse enemies)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *torsā (The name of a goddess, invoked to curse enemies)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xum",
"2": "𐌕𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄"
},
"expansion": "Umbrian: 𐌕𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄 (tupse)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Umbrian: 𐌕𐌖𐌐𐌔𐌄 (tupse), 𐌕𐌖𐌔𐌄 (tuse), turse (dat.sg.); tursar (gen.sg.); tursa (voc.sg.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*trés-mn̥"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*trásma"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trásma",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *trásma"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*θráhma"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *θráhma",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *θráhma (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tr̥s-ró-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*trəhrós"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *trəhrós",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *trəhrós"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "τρηρόν"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: τρηρόν (trērón)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: τρηρόν (trērón), τρήρων (trḗrōn)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Doric Greek: τρᾱρόν (trārón), τᾱρόν (tārón)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*tr̥s-tó-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*tr̥štás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥štás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *tr̥štás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*tr̥štáh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *tr̥štáh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *tr̥štáh"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬀"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬀 (taršta)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬀 (taršta)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xpr",
"2": "𐫤𐫏𐫡𐫘𐫀𐫅"
},
"expansion": "Parthian: 𐫤𐫏𐫡𐫘𐫀𐫅 (tyrsʾd)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Parthian: 𐫤𐫏𐫡𐫘𐫀𐫅 (tyrsʾd)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal",
"2": "-",
"ts": "tarsīd"
},
"expansion": "Middle Persian: (/tarsīd/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Persian: (/tarsīd/)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal",
"2": "𐫤𐫏𐫡𐫘𐫀𐫅",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫏𐫡𐫘𐫀𐫅 (tyrsʾd)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Manichaean script: 𐫤𐫏𐫡𐫘𐫀𐫅 (tyrsʾd)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal",
"sc": "Phlv",
"sclb": "1",
"tr": "tlsyt"
},
"expansion": "Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (tlsyt)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (tlsyt)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tres-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-European CReC-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European imperfective roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"glosses": [
"to tremble (with fear)"
],
"links": [
[
"tremble",
"tremble"
],
[
"fear",
"fear"
]
],
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "trem-"
},
{
"word": "trep-"
}
],
"word": "tres-"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (e9e0a99 and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.