See pró in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro",
"2": "*prṓ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian: *prṓ\nHittite: 𒉺𒊏𒀀 (pa-ra-a /prā/)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian: *prṓ\nHittite: 𒉺𒊏𒀀 (pa-ra-a /prā/)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*pra"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pra",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pra"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "pra",
"3": "pro"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian: pra, pro",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Prussian: pra, pro"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pro",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pro (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸro",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸro (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*pró"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *pró",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *pró"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρό",
"3": "πρωΐ"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πρό (pró), πρωΐ (prōḯ)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πρό (pró), πρωΐ (prōḯ) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*prá"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prá",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prá"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*prá"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prá",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prá"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "प्र",
"tr": "prá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: प्र (prá)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: प्र (prá)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*frá"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *frá",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *frá"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬟𐬭𐬀-"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀- (fra-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀- (fra-)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*prō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *prō",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "perhaps from *pro-h₁ (ins.sg.)"
},
"expansion": "(perhaps from *pro-h₁ (ins.sg.))",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *prō (perhaps from *pro-h₁ (ins.sg.))"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "prō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: prō",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: prō (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*per->before",
"id": "toward"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*per-",
"3": "",
"4": "before"
},
"expansion": "*per- (“before”)",
"name": "from"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *per- (“before”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "adverb",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*pró",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pró",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European terms belonging to the root *per- (before)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"roman": "prôira",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic: *prṓwařřa ~ *prṓweřřa",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "πρῷρα"
},
{
"english": "protruding rocks",
"roman": "prṓn",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic: *prṓwōn",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "πρών"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"roman": "prôtos",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "πρῶτος"
},
{
"english": "leader",
"roman": "prómos",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "πρόμος"
},
{
"roman": "próka",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "πρόκα"
},
{
"roman": "própro",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "πρόπρο"
},
{
"roman": "próteros",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "πρότερος"
},
{
"roman": "prósō",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "πρόσω"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Albanian: *paru; Albanian",
"word": "parë"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírˀwas",
"tags": [
"Proto-Slavic"
],
"word": "pьrvъ"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"roman": "pū́rva",
"sense": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥Hwas",
"tags": [
"Sanskrit"
],
"word": "पूर्व"
},
{
"roman": "paurva",
"sense": "Proto-Iranian: *pŕ̥Hwah",
"word": "𐬞𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬬𐬀"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Tocharian: *pärwe",
"word": "pärwat"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Tocharian: *pärwe",
"word": "parwe"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírmas",
"word": "Latgalian: pyrmais"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírmas",
"word": "Latgalian: pyrma"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírmas",
"tags": [
"Latvian"
],
"word": "pìrmaĩs"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírmas",
"tags": [
"Lithuanian"
],
"word": "pirmas"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírmas; Old Prussian",
"word": "pirmas"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírmas; Old Prussian",
"word": "pirmois"
},
{
"sense": "Old Irish",
"tags": [
"Irish",
"Middle"
],
"word": "rom"
},
{
"english": "bold, valiant; firm",
"sense": "Proto-West Germanic: *fram",
"tags": [
"Old-English"
],
"word": "fram"
},
{
"english": "forward",
"sense": "Proto-West Germanic: *fram; Middle High German",
"word": "fram"
},
{
"english": "forward; prominent; superior",
"sense": "Proto-Germanic: *framaz (“forward; forthright”)",
"tags": [
"Old-Norse"
],
"word": "framr"
},
{
"english": "to perform, promote, further; see there for further descendants",
"sense": "Proto-Germanic: *fram (“forward, from, away”) (see there for further descendants)",
"word": "⇒ Proto-Germanic: *framjaną"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Italic: *promom",
"word": "promom"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Italic: *promom",
"word": "prumum"
},
{
"english": "firstly",
"sense": "Proto-Italic: *promom",
"word": "prumu"
},
{
"roman": "prápra",
"sense": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prápra",
"tags": [
"Sanskrit"
],
"word": "प्रप्र"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "Oscan",
"word": "→ Latin: prope"
},
{
"sense": "⇒ Proto-Italic: *propsamos",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "proximus"
},
{
"roman": "pratara",
"sense": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pratarám",
"tags": [
"Sanskrit"
],
"word": "प्रतर"
},
{
"roman": "fratara",
"sense": "Proto-Iranian: *frátaram; Younger Avestan",
"word": "𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀"
},
{
"roman": "f-r-t-r",
"sense": "Proto-Iranian: *frátaram",
"tags": [
"Old-Persian"
],
"word": "𐎳𐎼𐎫𐎼"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"roman": "pʻartʻam",
"sense": "*pro-tm̥mós",
"word": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰamásProto-Indo-Aryan: *pratʰamásSanskrit: प्रथमProto-Iranian: *fratamáhCentral Iranian:Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬆𐬨𐬀Northeastern Iranian:Sogdian: [script needed]Western Iranian:Southwestern Iranian:Old Persian: 𐎳𐎼𐎫𐎶𐎠Middle Persian:Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫡𐫤𐫇𐫖Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed]Persian: فردم→ Old Armenian: փարթամArmenian: փարթամ"
},
{
"word": "Unsorted formations* Proto-Germanic"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "Proto-Italic: *prōwinkjā",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "prōvincia"
}
],
"glosses": [
"toward, leading to"
],
"id": "en-pró-ine-pro-adv-BG7lty3a",
"links": [
[
"toward",
"toward"
],
[
"leading",
"leading"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "pró"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"roman": "prôira",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic: *prṓwařřa ~ *prṓweřřa",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "πρῷρα"
},
{
"english": "protruding rocks",
"roman": "prṓn",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic: *prṓwōn",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "πρών"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"roman": "prôtos",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "πρῶτος"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Albanian: *paru; Albanian",
"word": "parë"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírˀwas",
"tags": [
"Proto-Slavic"
],
"word": "pьrvъ"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"roman": "pū́rva",
"sense": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥Hwas",
"tags": [
"Sanskrit"
],
"word": "पूर्व"
},
{
"roman": "paurva",
"sense": "Proto-Iranian: *pŕ̥Hwah",
"word": "𐬞𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬬𐬀"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Tocharian: *pärwe",
"word": "pärwat"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Tocharian: *pärwe",
"word": "parwe"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírmas",
"word": "Latgalian: pyrmais"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírmas",
"word": "Latgalian: pyrma"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírmas",
"tags": [
"Latvian"
],
"word": "pìrmaĩs"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírmas",
"tags": [
"Lithuanian"
],
"word": "pirmas"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírmas; Old Prussian",
"word": "pirmas"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírmas; Old Prussian",
"word": "pirmois"
},
{
"sense": "Old Irish",
"tags": [
"Irish",
"Middle"
],
"word": "rom"
},
{
"english": "bold, valiant; firm",
"sense": "Proto-West Germanic: *fram",
"tags": [
"Old-English"
],
"word": "fram"
},
{
"english": "forward",
"sense": "Proto-West Germanic: *fram; Middle High German",
"word": "fram"
},
{
"english": "forward; prominent; superior",
"sense": "Proto-Germanic: *framaz (“forward; forthright”)",
"tags": [
"Old-Norse"
],
"word": "framr"
},
{
"english": "to perform, promote, further; see there for further descendants",
"sense": "Proto-Germanic: *fram (“forward, from, away”) (see there for further descendants)",
"word": "⇒ Proto-Germanic: *framjaną"
},
{
"english": "leader",
"roman": "prómos",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "πρόμος"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Italic: *promom",
"word": "promom"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Italic: *promom",
"word": "prumum"
},
{
"english": "firstly",
"sense": "Proto-Italic: *promom",
"word": "prumu"
},
{
"roman": "próka",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "πρόκα"
},
{
"roman": "própro",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "πρόπρο"
},
{
"roman": "prápra",
"sense": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prápra",
"tags": [
"Sanskrit"
],
"word": "प्रप्र"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "Oscan",
"word": "→ Latin: prope"
},
{
"sense": "⇒ Proto-Italic: *propsamos",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "proximus"
},
{
"roman": "próteros",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "πρότερος"
},
{
"roman": "pratara",
"sense": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pratarám",
"tags": [
"Sanskrit"
],
"word": "प्रतर"
},
{
"roman": "fratara",
"sense": "Proto-Iranian: *frátaram; Younger Avestan",
"word": "𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀"
},
{
"roman": "f-r-t-r",
"sense": "Proto-Iranian: *frátaram",
"tags": [
"Old-Persian"
],
"word": "𐎳𐎼𐎫𐎼"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"roman": "pʻartʻam",
"sense": "*pro-tm̥mós",
"word": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰamásProto-Indo-Aryan: *pratʰamásSanskrit: प्रथमProto-Iranian: *fratamáhCentral Iranian:Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬆𐬨𐬀Northeastern Iranian:Sogdian: [script needed]Western Iranian:Southwestern Iranian:Old Persian: 𐎳𐎼𐎫𐎶𐎠Middle Persian:Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫡𐫤𐫇𐫖Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed]Persian: فردم→ Old Armenian: փարթամArmenian: փարթամ"
},
{
"word": "Unsorted formations* Proto-Germanic"
},
{
"roman": "prósō",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "πρόσω"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "Proto-Italic: *prōwinkjā",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "prōvincia"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro",
"2": "*prṓ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian: *prṓ\nHittite: 𒉺𒊏𒀀 (pa-ra-a /prā/)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian: *prṓ\nHittite: 𒉺𒊏𒀀 (pa-ra-a /prā/)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*pra"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pra",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pra"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "pra",
"3": "pro"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian: pra, pro",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Prussian: pra, pro"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pro",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pro (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸro",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸro (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*pró"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *pró",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *pró"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρό",
"3": "πρωΐ"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πρό (pró), πρωΐ (prōḯ)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πρό (pró), πρωΐ (prōḯ) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*prá"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prá",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *prá"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*prá"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prá",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *prá"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "प्र",
"tr": "prá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: प्र (prá)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: प्र (prá)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*frá"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *frá",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *frá"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬟𐬭𐬀-"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀- (fra-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀- (fra-)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*prō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *prō",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "perhaps from *pro-h₁ (ins.sg.)"
},
"expansion": "(perhaps from *pro-h₁ (ins.sg.))",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *prō (perhaps from *pro-h₁ (ins.sg.))"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "prō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: prō",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: prō (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*per->before",
"id": "toward"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*per-",
"3": "",
"4": "before"
},
"expansion": "*per- (“before”)",
"name": "from"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *per- (“before”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "adverb",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*pró",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pró",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European adverbs",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European terms belonging to the root *per- (before)"
],
"glosses": [
"toward, leading to"
],
"links": [
[
"toward",
"toward"
],
[
"leading",
"leading"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "pró"
}
Download raw JSONL data for pró meaning in Proto-Indo-European (8.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.