See pro- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"alt": "որո-"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: որո- (oro-)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly in <i class=\"Armn mention\" lang=\"xcl\">որոգայթ</i> (orogaytʻ) and/or <i class=\"Armn mention\" lang=\"xcl\">որոնեմ</i> (oronem)"
},
"expansion": "(possibly in որոգայթ (orogaytʻ) and/or որոնեմ (oronem))",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: որո- (oro-) (possibly in որոգայթ (orogaytʻ) and/or որոնեմ (oronem))"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pra-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pra-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: *pra-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: *pra-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pro-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pro-",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pro- (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸro-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸro-",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸro- (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fra-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fra-",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fra- (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*pro-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *pro-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *pro-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "προ-"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: προ- (pro-)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: προ- (pro-) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pra-",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pra- (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*pro-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *pro-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *pro-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pro-"
},
"expansion": "Latin: pro-",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: pro- (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*pró>toward",
"id": "toward"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *pró (“toward, leading”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "*pro-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pro-",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with collapsible category trees for nonexistent categories",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European terms belonging to the root *per- (before)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"toward, forward"
],
"id": "en-pro--ine-pro-prefix-WdeIGkoM",
"links": [
[
"toward",
"toward"
],
[
"forward",
"forward"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme"
]
}
],
"word": "pro-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"alt": "որո-"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: որո- (oro-)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly in <i class=\"Armn mention\" lang=\"xcl\">որոգայթ</i> (orogaytʻ) and/or <i class=\"Armn mention\" lang=\"xcl\">որոնեմ</i> (oronem)"
},
"expansion": "(possibly in որոգայթ (orogaytʻ) and/or որոնեմ (oronem))",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: որո- (oro-) (possibly in որոգայթ (orogaytʻ) and/or որոնեմ (oronem))"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pra-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pra-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: *pra-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: *pra-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pro-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pro-",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pro- (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸro-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸro-",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸro- (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fra-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fra-",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fra- (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*pro-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *pro-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *pro-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "προ-"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: προ- (pro-)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: προ- (pro-) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pra-",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pra- (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*pro-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *pro-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *pro-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pro-"
},
"expansion": "Latin: pro-",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: pro- (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*pró>toward",
"id": "toward"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *pró (“toward, leading”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "*pro-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pro-",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Entries with collapsible category trees for nonexistent categories",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European prefixes",
"Proto-Indo-European terms belonging to the root *per- (before)"
],
"glosses": [
"toward, forward"
],
"links": [
[
"toward",
"toward"
],
[
"forward",
"forward"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme"
]
}
],
"word": "pro-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for pro- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (3.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-24 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-04-20 using wiktextract (813e02a and ea19a0a). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.