See peyḱ- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*péyḱ-t ~ *piḱ-ént (root aorist)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पिशान",
"pos": "aor.mid.ptc.",
"tr": "piśāná"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पिशान (piśāná, aor.mid.ptc.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पिशान (piśāná, aor.mid.ptc.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pi-né-ḱ-ti ~ *pi-n-ḱ-énti (nasal-infix present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"alt": "*finhaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *finhaną",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *finhaną"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*finhlōną",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Germanic: *finhlōną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Germanic: *finhlōną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pinášti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pinášti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pinášti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पिंशति",
"t": "to adorn; to mould, carve out, grind",
"tr": "piṃśáti"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पिंशति (piṃśáti, “to adorn; to mould, carve out, grind”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "with thematicised weak stem"
},
"expansion": "(with thematicised weak stem)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पिंशति (piṃśáti, “to adorn; to mould, carve out, grind”) (with thematicised weak stem)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*pinášti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *pinášti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *pinášti"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "peo",
"2": "𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎰",
"pos": "3pl.impf.",
"t": "to cut, engrave, adorn",
"ts": "api⁽ⁿ⁾θaⁿ"
},
"expansion": "Old Persian: 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎰 (a-p-i-θ /api⁽ⁿ⁾θaⁿ/, “to cut, engrave, adorn”, 3pl.impf.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Persian: 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎰 (a-p-i-θ /api⁽ⁿ⁾θaⁿ/, “to cut, engrave, adorn”, 3pl.impf.)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*nipinašti",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Iranian: *nipinašti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Iranian: *nipinašti"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "peo",
"2": "𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎱𐎡𐎰𐎶",
"pos": "1sg.impf.",
"t": "to engrave, inscribe",
"ts": "niyapiⁿθam"
},
"expansion": "Old Persian: 𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎱𐎡𐎰𐎶 (n-i-y-p-i-θ-m /niyapiⁿθam/, “to engrave, inscribe”, 1sg.impf.)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "also interpreted as s-aorist /niyapaišam/"
},
"expansion": "(also interpreted as s-aorist /niyapaišam/)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Old Persian: 𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎱𐎡𐎰𐎶 (n-i-y-p-i-θ-m /niyapiⁿθam/, “to engrave, inscribe”, 1sg.impf.) (also interpreted as s-aorist /niyapaišam/)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pingō",
"pos": "with irregular -g-",
"t": "to paint, color"
},
"expansion": "Latin: pingō (“to paint, color”, with irregular -g-)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: pingō (“to paint, color”, with irregular -g-) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro",
"2": "*pik-",
"t": "to paint, write, delineate"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian: *pik- (“to paint, write, delineate”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian: *pik- (“to paint, write, delineate”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xto",
"2": "pikiñc"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian A: pikiñc",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian A: pikiñc (< pik- (“to write”))"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "piṅkäṃ"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B: piṅkäṃ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian B: piṅkäṃ (< pik- (“to write”))"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*péyḱ-e-ti (thematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*páyćati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyćati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyćati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*páycati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *páycati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *páycati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae-yng",
"2": "𐬀𐬧𐬐𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀",
"der": "1",
"pos": "mid.ptc.",
"t": "to adorn"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬧𐬐𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀 (aṇkupaēsəmna, “to adorn”, mid.ptc.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬧𐬐𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀 (aṇkupaēsəmna, “to adorn”, mid.ptc.)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Persian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Persian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal",
"2": "𐫛𐫏𐫏𐫘𐫀𐫅",
"pos": "3sg.subj.",
"sclb": "1",
"ts": "pēsād"
},
"expansion": "Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫏𐫏𐫘𐫀𐫅 (pyysʾd /pēsād/, 3sg.subj.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫏𐫏𐫘𐫀𐫅 (pyysʾd /pēsād/, 3sg.subj.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*péyḱ-ye-ti (ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*p(e)iś-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *p(e)iś-",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly a later formation from intensive *pey-piḱ-yé-ti"
},
"expansion": "(possibly a later formation from intensive *pey-piḱ-yé-ti)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *p(e)iś- (possibly a later formation from intensive *pey-piḱ-yé-ti)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "piẽšti",
"t": "to draw"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: piẽšti (“to draw”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: piẽšti (“to draw”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "peisāi",
"t": "to write"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian: peisāi (“to write”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Prussian: peisāi (“to write”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pьsati",
"alt": "*pьsа̀ti",
"t": "to write"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pьsа̀ti (“to write”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pьsа̀ti (“to write”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pe-póyḱ-e ~ *pe-piḱ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸiɸoike"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸiɸoike",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸiɸoike (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*piḱ-ró-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*piśras"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *piśras",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *piśras"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pьstrъ",
"alt": "*pь̀strъ",
"t": "variegated"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pь̀strъ (“variegated”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pь̀strъ (“variegated”) from an earlier **pь̀srъ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*pikrós"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *pikrós",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *pikrós"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πῐκρός",
"t": "sharp, pointed"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πῐκρός (pĭkrós, “sharp, pointed”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πῐκρός (pĭkrós, “sharp, pointed”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "πικρός",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Greek: πικρός (pikrós, “bitter”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Greek: πικρός (pikrós, “bitter”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xls",
"2": "-",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Lusitanian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Lusitanian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "pégaro",
"bor": "1",
"t": "variegated"
},
"expansion": "→ Galician: pégaro (“variegated”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Galician: pégaro (“variegated”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*piḱ-tó-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pištás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pištás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pištás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*piṣṭás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piṣṭás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piṣṭás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पिष्ट",
"t": "fashioned, decorated",
"tr": "piṣṭá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पिष्ट (piṣṭá, “fashioned, decorated”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पिष्ट (piṣṭá, “fashioned, decorated”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*pištáh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *pištáh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *pištáh"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬞𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬙𐬀",
"der": "1",
"t": "painted"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬞𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬙𐬀 (frapixšta, “painted”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬞𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬙𐬀 (frapixšta, “painted”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "peo",
"tr": "nipišta"
},
"expansion": "Old Persian: [script needed] (nipišta)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Persian: [script needed] (nipišta)"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Persian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Persian:"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal",
"sc": "Phli",
"sclb": "1",
"t": "written",
"tr": "npštk",
"ts": "nibištag"
},
"expansion": "Inscriptional Pahlavi script: [Inscriptional Pahlavi needed] (npštk /nibištag/, “written”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Inscriptional Pahlavi script: [Inscriptional Pahlavi needed] (npštk /nibištag/, “written”)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xpr",
"2": "𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤"
},
"expansion": "Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤 (nbyšt)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤 (nbyšt)"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xpr",
"2": "𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤𐫃",
"der": "1",
"t": "written"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤𐫃 (nbyštg, “written”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤𐫃 (nbyštg, “written”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xpr",
"2": "",
"ts": "ispist"
},
"expansion": "Parthian: [Term?] (/ispist/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Parthian: [Term?] (/ispist/)"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "سبشت",
"t": "vulgar",
"tr": "sebešt"
},
"expansion": "Persian: سبشت (sebešt, “vulgar”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Persian: سبشت (sebešt, “vulgar”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*piktos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *piktos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *piktos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pictus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: pictus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: pictus (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*póyḱ-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*paiśas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paiśas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paiśas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "paišaĩ",
"3": "piẽšas",
"t2": "freckle"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: paišaĩ, piẽšas (“freckle”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: paišaĩ, piẽšas (“freckle”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*faihaz",
"t": "motley, colored"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“motley, colored”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“motley, colored”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ποικίλος",
"t": "colored"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ποικίλος (poikílos, “colored”)\n→ English: poikilo- / poecilo-\nGreek: ποικίλος (poikílos)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ποικίλος (poikílos, “colored”)\n→ English: poikilo- / poecilo-\nGreek: ποικίλος (poikílos)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmy",
"2": "𐀡𐀑𐀫𐀝𐀏",
"der": "1",
"ts": "poikil-ōnukʰa"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀡𐀑𐀫𐀝𐀏 (po-ki-ro-nu-ka /poikil-ōnukʰa/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀡𐀑𐀫𐀝𐀏 (po-ki-ro-nu-ka /poikil-ōnukʰa/)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*páyćas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyćas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyćas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*páyśas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páyśas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páyśas"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पेश",
"t": "ornament, decoration",
"tr": "péśa"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पेश (péśa, “ornament, decoration”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पेश (péśa, “ornament, decoration”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*páycah"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *páycah",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *páycah"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀",
"t": "ornament, embellishment"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀 (paēsa, “ornament, embellishment”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀 (paēsa, “ornament, embellishment”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "պէս",
"bor": "1",
"t": "like, as"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Armenian: պէս (pēs, “like, as”)\nArmenian: պես (pes)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Armenian: պէս (pēs, “like, as”)\nArmenian: պես (pes)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pěgъ",
"t": "piebald"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pěgъ (“piebald”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pěgъ (“piebald”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "пегий"
},
"expansion": "Russian: пегий (pegij)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: пегий (pegij)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pьsъ",
"t": "dog",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Slavic: *pьsъ (“dog”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Slavic: *pьsъ (“dog”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pićángas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pićángas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pićángas"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*piśángas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piśángas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piśángas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पिशङ्ग",
"t": "reddish, reddish-yellow",
"tr": "piśáṅga"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पिशङ्ग (piśáṅga, “reddish, reddish-yellow”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पिशङ्ग (piśáṅga, “reddish, reddish-yellow”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*picángah"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *picángah",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *picángah"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "պիսակ",
"bor": "1",
"t": "speckle, spot, mark; leprous"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Armenian: պիսակ (pisak, “speckle, spot, mark; leprous”)\n→ Armenian: պիսակ (pisak)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Armenian: պիսակ (pisak, “speckle, spot, mark; leprous”)\n→ Armenian: պիսակ (pisak)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पिङ्ग",
"t": "yellow, tawny",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Sanskrit: पिङ्ग (piṅga, “yellow, tawny”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Sanskrit: पिङ्ग (piṅga, “yellow, tawny”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xls",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Lusitanian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Unknown Iberian substrate, perhaps Lusitanian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "pego",
"3": "pégaro",
"bor": "1",
"t": "variegated",
"t2": "variegated",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Galician: pego (“variegated”), pégaro (“variegated”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→? Galician: pego (“variegated”), pégaro (“variegated”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पिश्"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पिश् (piś)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पिश् (piś)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/peyḱ-",
"pos": "root",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "pewǵ-"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "49 30 0 21 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "67 14 0 19 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "63 23 0 14 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CeRC-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "65 14 0 21 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "78 11 0 12 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "78 10 0 12 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to hew, cut out"
],
"id": "en-peyḱ--ine-pro-root-ine_pro:mark",
"links": [
[
"hew",
"hew"
],
[
"cut out",
"cut out"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:mark"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to stitch, embroider, sting"
],
"id": "en-peyḱ--ine-pro-root-nWNphyOW",
"links": [
[
"stitch",
"stitch"
],
[
"embroider",
"embroider"
],
[
"sting",
"sting"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to paint, mark, color"
],
"id": "en-peyḱ--ine-pro-root-A5bkG2Xp",
"links": [
[
"paint",
"paint"
],
[
"mark",
"mark"
],
[
"color",
"color"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) to paint, mark, color"
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"alt": "for Latin pingō, Sanskrit पिङ्ग (piṅga) and Old Church Slavonic пѣгъ (pěgŭ), and possibly the Tocharian forms",
"english": "to paint",
"word": "peyg-"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben",
"Rick Derksen"
],
"word": "peyḱ-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*peyḱ-ye- (ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "peĩkti",
"t": "to blame"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: peĩkti (“to blame”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: peĩkti (“to blame”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*piḱ-tós"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "pikts"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: pikts",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: pikts"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "pìktas",
"t": "angry; evil"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: pìktas (“angry; evil”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: pìktas (“angry; evil”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*póyḱ-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸoikos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸoikos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸoikos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "óech",
"t": "enemy"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: óech (“enemy”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: óech (“enemy”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*faihaz",
"id": "hostile",
"t": "hostile"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“hostile”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“hostile”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*poyḱ-yós"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*faigijaz",
"t": "fey",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Germanic: *faigijaz (“fey”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Germanic: *faigijaz (“fey”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "pîkt"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: pîkt",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: pîkt"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "pỹkti",
"t": "to be angry"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: pỹkti (“to be angry”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: pỹkti (“to be angry”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*píćunas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píćunas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píćunas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*píśunas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píśunas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píśunas"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पिशुन",
"t": "evil, treacherous",
"tr": "píśuna"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पिशुन (píśuna, “evil, treacherous”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पिशुन (píśuna, “evil, treacherous”)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/peyḱ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"hostile, angry"
],
"id": "en-peyḱ--ine-pro-root-ine_pro:hostile",
"links": [
[
"hostile",
"hostile"
],
[
"angry",
"angry"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:hostile"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"enemy, evil"
],
"id": "en-peyḱ--ine-pro-root-ytCX~SAF",
"links": [
[
"enemy",
"enemy"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "Baltic",
"word": "peyk-"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "peyḱ-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CeRC-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*péyḱ-t ~ *piḱ-ént (root aorist)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पिशान",
"pos": "aor.mid.ptc.",
"tr": "piśāná"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पिशान (piśāná, aor.mid.ptc.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पिशान (piśāná, aor.mid.ptc.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pi-né-ḱ-ti ~ *pi-n-ḱ-énti (nasal-infix present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"alt": "*finhaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *finhaną",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *finhaną"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*finhlōną",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Germanic: *finhlōną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Germanic: *finhlōną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pinášti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pinášti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pinášti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पिंशति",
"t": "to adorn; to mould, carve out, grind",
"tr": "piṃśáti"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पिंशति (piṃśáti, “to adorn; to mould, carve out, grind”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "with thematicised weak stem"
},
"expansion": "(with thematicised weak stem)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पिंशति (piṃśáti, “to adorn; to mould, carve out, grind”) (with thematicised weak stem)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*pinášti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *pinášti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *pinášti"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "peo",
"2": "𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎰",
"pos": "3pl.impf.",
"t": "to cut, engrave, adorn",
"ts": "api⁽ⁿ⁾θaⁿ"
},
"expansion": "Old Persian: 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎰 (a-p-i-θ /api⁽ⁿ⁾θaⁿ/, “to cut, engrave, adorn”, 3pl.impf.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Persian: 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎰 (a-p-i-θ /api⁽ⁿ⁾θaⁿ/, “to cut, engrave, adorn”, 3pl.impf.)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*nipinašti",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Iranian: *nipinašti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Iranian: *nipinašti"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "peo",
"2": "𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎱𐎡𐎰𐎶",
"pos": "1sg.impf.",
"t": "to engrave, inscribe",
"ts": "niyapiⁿθam"
},
"expansion": "Old Persian: 𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎱𐎡𐎰𐎶 (n-i-y-p-i-θ-m /niyapiⁿθam/, “to engrave, inscribe”, 1sg.impf.)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "also interpreted as s-aorist /niyapaišam/"
},
"expansion": "(also interpreted as s-aorist /niyapaišam/)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Old Persian: 𐎴𐎡𐎹𐎱𐎡𐎰𐎶 (n-i-y-p-i-θ-m /niyapiⁿθam/, “to engrave, inscribe”, 1sg.impf.) (also interpreted as s-aorist /niyapaišam/)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pingō",
"pos": "with irregular -g-",
"t": "to paint, color"
},
"expansion": "Latin: pingō (“to paint, color”, with irregular -g-)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: pingō (“to paint, color”, with irregular -g-) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro",
"2": "*pik-",
"t": "to paint, write, delineate"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian: *pik- (“to paint, write, delineate”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian: *pik- (“to paint, write, delineate”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xto",
"2": "pikiñc"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian A: pikiñc",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian A: pikiñc (< pik- (“to write”))"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "piṅkäṃ"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B: piṅkäṃ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian B: piṅkäṃ (< pik- (“to write”))"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*péyḱ-e-ti (thematic root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*páyćati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyćati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyćati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*páycati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *páycati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *páycati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae-yng",
"2": "𐬀𐬧𐬐𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀",
"der": "1",
"pos": "mid.ptc.",
"t": "to adorn"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬧𐬐𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀 (aṇkupaēsəmna, “to adorn”, mid.ptc.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬧𐬐𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀 (aṇkupaēsəmna, “to adorn”, mid.ptc.)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Persian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Persian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal",
"2": "𐫛𐫏𐫏𐫘𐫀𐫅",
"pos": "3sg.subj.",
"sclb": "1",
"ts": "pēsād"
},
"expansion": "Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫏𐫏𐫘𐫀𐫅 (pyysʾd /pēsād/, 3sg.subj.)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫏𐫏𐫘𐫀𐫅 (pyysʾd /pēsād/, 3sg.subj.)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*péyḱ-ye-ti (ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*p(e)iś-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *p(e)iś-",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly a later formation from intensive *pey-piḱ-yé-ti"
},
"expansion": "(possibly a later formation from intensive *pey-piḱ-yé-ti)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *p(e)iś- (possibly a later formation from intensive *pey-piḱ-yé-ti)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "piẽšti",
"t": "to draw"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: piẽšti (“to draw”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: piẽšti (“to draw”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "peisāi",
"t": "to write"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian: peisāi (“to write”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Prussian: peisāi (“to write”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pьsati",
"alt": "*pьsа̀ti",
"t": "to write"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pьsа̀ti (“to write”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pьsа̀ti (“to write”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pe-póyḱ-e ~ *pe-piḱ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸiɸoike"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸiɸoike",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸiɸoike (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*piḱ-ró-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*piśras"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *piśras",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *piśras"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pьstrъ",
"alt": "*pь̀strъ",
"t": "variegated"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pь̀strъ (“variegated”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pь̀strъ (“variegated”) from an earlier **pь̀srъ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*pikrós"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *pikrós",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *pikrós"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πῐκρός",
"t": "sharp, pointed"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πῐκρός (pĭkrós, “sharp, pointed”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πῐκρός (pĭkrós, “sharp, pointed”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "πικρός",
"t": "bitter"
},
"expansion": "Greek: πικρός (pikrós, “bitter”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Greek: πικρός (pikrós, “bitter”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xls",
"2": "-",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Lusitanian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Lusitanian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "pégaro",
"bor": "1",
"t": "variegated"
},
"expansion": "→ Galician: pégaro (“variegated”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Galician: pégaro (“variegated”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*piḱ-tó-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pištás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pištás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pištás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*piṣṭás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piṣṭás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piṣṭás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पिष्ट",
"t": "fashioned, decorated",
"tr": "piṣṭá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पिष्ट (piṣṭá, “fashioned, decorated”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पिष्ट (piṣṭá, “fashioned, decorated”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*pištáh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *pištáh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *pištáh"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬞𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬙𐬀",
"der": "1",
"t": "painted"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬞𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬙𐬀 (frapixšta, “painted”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬞𐬌𐬑𐬱𐬙𐬀 (frapixšta, “painted”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "peo",
"tr": "nipišta"
},
"expansion": "Old Persian: [script needed] (nipišta)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Persian: [script needed] (nipišta)"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Persian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Persian:"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pal",
"sc": "Phli",
"sclb": "1",
"t": "written",
"tr": "npštk",
"ts": "nibištag"
},
"expansion": "Inscriptional Pahlavi script: [Inscriptional Pahlavi needed] (npštk /nibištag/, “written”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Inscriptional Pahlavi script: [Inscriptional Pahlavi needed] (npštk /nibištag/, “written”)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xpr",
"2": "𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤"
},
"expansion": "Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤 (nbyšt)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤 (nbyšt)"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xpr",
"2": "𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤𐫃",
"der": "1",
"t": "written"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤𐫃 (nbyštg, “written”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫏𐫢𐫤𐫃 (nbyštg, “written”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xpr",
"2": "",
"ts": "ispist"
},
"expansion": "Parthian: [Term?] (/ispist/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Parthian: [Term?] (/ispist/)"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "سبشت",
"t": "vulgar",
"tr": "sebešt"
},
"expansion": "Persian: سبشت (sebešt, “vulgar”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Persian: سبشت (sebešt, “vulgar”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*piktos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *piktos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *piktos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pictus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: pictus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: pictus (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*póyḱ-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*paiśas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paiśas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *paiśas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "paišaĩ",
"3": "piẽšas",
"t2": "freckle"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: paišaĩ, piẽšas (“freckle”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: paišaĩ, piẽšas (“freckle”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*faihaz",
"t": "motley, colored"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“motley, colored”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“motley, colored”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ποικίλος",
"t": "colored"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ποικίλος (poikílos, “colored”)\n→ English: poikilo- / poecilo-\nGreek: ποικίλος (poikílos)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ποικίλος (poikílos, “colored”)\n→ English: poikilo- / poecilo-\nGreek: ποικίλος (poikílos)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmy",
"2": "𐀡𐀑𐀫𐀝𐀏",
"der": "1",
"ts": "poikil-ōnukʰa"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀡𐀑𐀫𐀝𐀏 (po-ki-ro-nu-ka /poikil-ōnukʰa/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Mycenaean Greek: 𐀡𐀑𐀫𐀝𐀏 (po-ki-ro-nu-ka /poikil-ōnukʰa/)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*páyćas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyćas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páyćas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*páyśas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páyśas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páyśas"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पेश",
"t": "ornament, decoration",
"tr": "péśa"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पेश (péśa, “ornament, decoration”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पेश (péśa, “ornament, decoration”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*páycah"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *páycah",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *páycah"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀",
"t": "ornament, embellishment"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀 (paēsa, “ornament, embellishment”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀 (paēsa, “ornament, embellishment”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "պէս",
"bor": "1",
"t": "like, as"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Armenian: պէս (pēs, “like, as”)\nArmenian: պես (pes)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Armenian: պէս (pēs, “like, as”)\nArmenian: պես (pes)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pěgъ",
"t": "piebald"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pěgъ (“piebald”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pěgъ (“piebald”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "пегий"
},
"expansion": "Russian: пегий (pegij)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: пегий (pegij)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pьsъ",
"t": "dog",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Slavic: *pьsъ (“dog”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Slavic: *pьsъ (“dog”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pićángas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pićángas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pićángas"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*piśángas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piśángas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *piśángas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पिशङ्ग",
"t": "reddish, reddish-yellow",
"tr": "piśáṅga"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पिशङ्ग (piśáṅga, “reddish, reddish-yellow”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पिशङ्ग (piśáṅga, “reddish, reddish-yellow”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*picángah"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *picángah",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *picángah"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "պիսակ",
"bor": "1",
"t": "speckle, spot, mark; leprous"
},
"expansion": "→ Old Armenian: պիսակ (pisak, “speckle, spot, mark; leprous”)\n→ Armenian: պիսակ (pisak)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Old Armenian: պիսակ (pisak, “speckle, spot, mark; leprous”)\n→ Armenian: պիսակ (pisak)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पिङ्ग",
"t": "yellow, tawny",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Sanskrit: पिङ्ग (piṅga, “yellow, tawny”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Sanskrit: पिङ्ग (piṅga, “yellow, tawny”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xls",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Lusitanian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Unknown Iberian substrate, perhaps Lusitanian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "pego",
"3": "pégaro",
"bor": "1",
"t": "variegated",
"t2": "variegated",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Galician: pego (“variegated”), pégaro (“variegated”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→? Galician: pego (“variegated”), pégaro (“variegated”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पिश्"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पिश् (piś)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पिश् (piś)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/peyḱ-",
"pos": "root",
"related": [
{
"word": "pewǵ-"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to hew, cut out"
],
"links": [
[
"hew",
"hew"
],
[
"cut out",
"cut out"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:mark"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to stitch, embroider, sting"
],
"links": [
[
"stitch",
"stitch"
],
[
"embroider",
"embroider"
],
[
"sting",
"sting"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to paint, mark, color"
],
"links": [
[
"paint",
"paint"
],
[
"mark",
"mark"
],
[
"color",
"color"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) to paint, mark, color"
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"alt": "for Latin pingō, Sanskrit पिङ्ग (piṅga) and Old Church Slavonic пѣгъ (pěgŭ), and possibly the Tocharian forms",
"english": "to paint",
"word": "peyg-"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben",
"Rick Derksen"
],
"word": "peyḱ-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CeRC-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*peyḱ-ye- (ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "peĩkti",
"t": "to blame"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: peĩkti (“to blame”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: peĩkti (“to blame”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*piḱ-tós"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "pikts"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: pikts",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: pikts"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "pìktas",
"t": "angry; evil"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: pìktas (“angry; evil”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: pìktas (“angry; evil”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*póyḱ-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸoikos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸoikos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸoikos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "óech",
"t": "enemy"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: óech (“enemy”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: óech (“enemy”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*faihaz",
"id": "hostile",
"t": "hostile"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“hostile”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *faihaz (“hostile”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*poyḱ-yós"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*faigijaz",
"t": "fey",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Germanic: *faigijaz (“fey”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Germanic: *faigijaz (“fey”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "pîkt"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: pîkt",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: pîkt"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "pỹkti",
"t": "to be angry"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: pỹkti (“to be angry”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: pỹkti (“to be angry”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*píćunas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píćunas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píćunas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*píśunas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píśunas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píśunas"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पिशुन",
"t": "evil, treacherous",
"tr": "píśuna"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पिशुन (píśuna, “evil, treacherous”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पिशुन (píśuna, “evil, treacherous”)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/peyḱ-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"hostile, angry"
],
"links": [
[
"hostile",
"hostile"
],
[
"angry",
"angry"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:hostile"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"enemy, evil"
],
"links": [
[
"enemy",
"enemy"
],
[
"evil",
"evil"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "Baltic",
"word": "peyk-"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "peyḱ-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for peyḱ- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (24.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-08 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (9a96ef4 and 4ed51a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.