See pewǵ- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pu-né-ǵ-ti ~ *pu-n-ǵ-énti (nasal-infix present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*pungō",
"t": "to prick, sting"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *pungō (“to prick, sting”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *pungō (“to prick, sting”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pungō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: pungō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: pungō"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*powǵ-éye-ti (o-grade *-éyeti iterative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸougīti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸougīti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸougīti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "úaigid",
"3": "con·óigi",
"der2": "1",
"t": "to sew"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: úaigid (“to sew”), ⇒ con·óigi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: úaigid (“to sew”), ⇒ con·óigi"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mga",
"2": "úaigid",
"t": "to sew"
},
"expansion": "Middle Irish: úaigid (“to sew”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Irish: úaigid (“to sew”)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "fuaigh"
},
"expansion": "Irish: fuaigh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Irish: fuaigh"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "fuaigh"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic: fuaigh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scottish Gaelic: fuaigh"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gv",
"2": "fuaill",
"der": "1",
"qq": "from the verbal noun"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Manx: fuaill (from the verbal noun)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Manx: fuaill (from the verbal noun)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*puǵ-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*púks"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *púks",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *púks"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πύξ",
"t": "with fists, in a fist-fight"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πύξ (púx, “with fists, in a fist-fight”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πύξ (púx, “with fists, in a fist-fight”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*puǵ-i-h₃onh₂-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*pūgjō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *pūgjō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *pūgjō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pūgiō",
"t": "dagger"
},
"expansion": "Latin: pūgiō (“dagger”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: pūgiō (“dagger”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*puǵ-li-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*pugls"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *pugls",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *pugls"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pugil",
"t": "boxer, fist-fighter"
},
"expansion": "Latin: pugil (“boxer, fist-fighter”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: pugil (“boxer, fist-fighter”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*puǵ-méh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*pugmā́"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *pugmā́",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *pugmā́"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πυγμή",
"t": "fist, fist-fight"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πυγμή (pugmḗ, “fist, fist-fight”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πυγμή (pugmḗ, “fist, fist-fight”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*puǵ-neh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fukkōną",
"der": "1",
"id": "strike",
"t": "to strike, copulate"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Germanic: *fukkōną (“to strike, copulate”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Germanic: *fukkōną (“to strike, copulate”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pouǵ-neh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*faukōną",
"t": "to strike, beat"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *faukōną (“to strike, beat”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *faukōną (“to strike, beat”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*puǵ-nó-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*pugnos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *pugnos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *pugnos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pugnus",
"t": "fist"
},
"expansion": "Latin: pugnus (“fist”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: pugnus (“fist”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*pu-n-ǵ-sti-s",
"nolb": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? *pu-n-ǵ-sti-s",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? *pu-n-ǵ-sti-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pęstь",
"t": "fist"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pęstь (“fist”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pęstь (“fist”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*funstiz",
"t": "fist"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *funstiz (“fist”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "< *funkstiz"
},
"expansion": "(< *funkstiz)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *funstiz (“fist”) (< *funkstiz)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*fūsti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *fūsti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *fūsti (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*puǵ-teh₂-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*púktās"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *púktās",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *púktās"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πύκτης",
"t": "boxer, fist-fighter"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πύκτης (púktēs, “boxer, fist-fighter”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πύκτης (púktēs, “boxer, fist-fighter”)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"id": "punch",
"pos": "root"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably not related to *pewḱ- (“pine”).",
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pewǵ-",
"pos": "root",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "to prick",
"word": "pewḱ-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "to cut, hew",
"word": "peyḱ-"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "74 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "92 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "75 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CeRC-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "89 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to punch, fist-fight"
],
"id": "en-pewǵ--ine-pro-root-yLnzvTny",
"links": [
[
"punch",
"punch"
],
[
"fist-fight",
"fist-fight"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to prick, poke, stab"
],
"id": "en-pewǵ--ine-pro-root-nDQRIgLX",
"links": [
[
"prick",
"prick"
],
[
"poke",
"poke"
],
[
"stab",
"stab"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "pewǵ-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CeRC-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pu-né-ǵ-ti ~ *pu-n-ǵ-énti (nasal-infix present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*pungō",
"t": "to prick, sting"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *pungō (“to prick, sting”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *pungō (“to prick, sting”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pungō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: pungō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: pungō"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*powǵ-éye-ti (o-grade *-éyeti iterative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸougīti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸougīti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸougīti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "úaigid",
"3": "con·óigi",
"der2": "1",
"t": "to sew"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: úaigid (“to sew”), ⇒ con·óigi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: úaigid (“to sew”), ⇒ con·óigi"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mga",
"2": "úaigid",
"t": "to sew"
},
"expansion": "Middle Irish: úaigid (“to sew”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Irish: úaigid (“to sew”)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "fuaigh"
},
"expansion": "Irish: fuaigh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Irish: fuaigh"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "fuaigh"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic: fuaigh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scottish Gaelic: fuaigh"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gv",
"2": "fuaill",
"der": "1",
"qq": "from the verbal noun"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Manx: fuaill (from the verbal noun)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Manx: fuaill (from the verbal noun)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*puǵ-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*púks"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *púks",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *púks"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πύξ",
"t": "with fists, in a fist-fight"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πύξ (púx, “with fists, in a fist-fight”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πύξ (púx, “with fists, in a fist-fight”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*puǵ-i-h₃onh₂-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*pūgjō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *pūgjō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *pūgjō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pūgiō",
"t": "dagger"
},
"expansion": "Latin: pūgiō (“dagger”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: pūgiō (“dagger”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*puǵ-li-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*pugls"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *pugls",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *pugls"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pugil",
"t": "boxer, fist-fighter"
},
"expansion": "Latin: pugil (“boxer, fist-fighter”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: pugil (“boxer, fist-fighter”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*puǵ-méh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*pugmā́"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *pugmā́",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *pugmā́"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πυγμή",
"t": "fist, fist-fight"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πυγμή (pugmḗ, “fist, fist-fight”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πυγμή (pugmḗ, “fist, fist-fight”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*puǵ-neh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fukkōną",
"der": "1",
"id": "strike",
"t": "to strike, copulate"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Germanic: *fukkōną (“to strike, copulate”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Germanic: *fukkōną (“to strike, copulate”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pouǵ-neh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*faukōną",
"t": "to strike, beat"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *faukōną (“to strike, beat”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *faukōną (“to strike, beat”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*puǵ-nó-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*pugnos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *pugnos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *pugnos"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pugnus",
"t": "fist"
},
"expansion": "Latin: pugnus (“fist”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: pugnus (“fist”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*pu-n-ǵ-sti-s",
"nolb": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? *pu-n-ǵ-sti-s",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? *pu-n-ǵ-sti-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pęstь",
"t": "fist"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pęstь (“fist”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pęstь (“fist”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*funstiz",
"t": "fist"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *funstiz (“fist”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "< *funkstiz"
},
"expansion": "(< *funkstiz)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *funstiz (“fist”) (< *funkstiz)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*fūsti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *fūsti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *fūsti (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*puǵ-teh₂-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*púktās"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *púktās",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *púktās"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πύκτης",
"t": "boxer, fist-fighter"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πύκτης (púktēs, “boxer, fist-fighter”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πύκτης (púktēs, “boxer, fist-fighter”)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"id": "punch",
"pos": "root"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably not related to *pewḱ- (“pine”).",
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pewǵ-",
"pos": "root",
"related": [
{
"english": "to prick",
"word": "pewḱ-"
},
{
"english": "to cut, hew",
"word": "peyḱ-"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to punch, fist-fight"
],
"links": [
[
"punch",
"punch"
],
[
"fist-fight",
"fist-fight"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to prick, poke, stab"
],
"links": [
[
"prick",
"prick"
],
[
"poke",
"poke"
],
[
"stab",
"stab"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "pewǵ-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for pewǵ- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (7.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-08 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (9a96ef4 and 4ed51a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.