See h₂welh₁- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for h₂welh₁- meaning in Proto-Indo-European (17.0kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂wl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ *h₂wl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Anatolian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒄷𒌌𒇷𒄑𒍣",
"t": "to smash, to defeat",
"tr": "ḫu-ul-le-ez-zi",
"ts": "hullezi"
},
"expansion": "Hittite: 𒄷𒌌𒇷𒄑𒍣 (ḫu-ul-le-ez-zi /hullezi/, “to smash, to defeat”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hittite: 𒄷𒌌𒇷𒄑𒍣 (ḫu-ul-le-ez-zi /hullezi/, “to smash, to defeat”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂wl̥h₁-eh₁-(ye)-ti"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*walēō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *walēō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *walēō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "valeō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: valeō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: valeō"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂wl̥-né-h₂-ti"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*walnati",
"t": "to rule, govern"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *walnati (“to rule, govern”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *walnati (“to rule, govern”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "follnaithir",
"alt": "fallnaithir"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: fallnaithir",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: fallnaithir"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*welh₁-t ~ *wl̥h₁-ént (root aorist)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*waldaną",
"alt": "*wulþǭ",
"pos": "1st p. past tense"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *wulþǭ (1st p. past tense)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *wulþǭ (1st p. past tense)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*waldaną",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Germanic: *waldaną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "back formation"
},
"expansion": "(back formation)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Germanic: *waldaną (see there for further descendants) (back formation)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂wl̥h₁-etro-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*walatros",
"t": "ruler"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *walatros (“ruler”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *walatros (“ruler”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*gwaladr"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *gwaladr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic: *gwaladr"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*wolh₁-neh₂-mō ~ *wl̥h₁-neh₂-m̥n-és"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*wolnāmū",
"t": "ruler"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *wolnāmū (“ruler”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *wolnāmū (“ruler”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mga",
"2": "follamnacht",
"der": "1",
"t": "government, ruling"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Middle Irish: follamnacht (“government, ruling”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Middle Irish: follamnacht (“government, ruling”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mga",
"2": "follamnaigid",
"der": "1",
"t": "to rule, govern"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Middle Irish: follamnaigid (“to rule, govern”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Middle Irish: follamnaigid (“to rule, govern”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂wl̥h₁-ont-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xto",
"2": "wäl",
"t": "king"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian A: wäl (“king”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian A: wäl (“king”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "walo",
"t": "king"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B: walo (“king”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian B: walo (“king”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂wl̥h₁-o-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*walos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *walos",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *walos (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂wélh₁-ti-s ~ *h₂wl̥h₁-téy-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*wlatis"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *wlatis",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *wlatis (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂wélh₁-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*waldaną",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Germanic: *waldaną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "alternatively"
},
"expansion": "(alternatively)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Germanic: *waldaną (see there for further descendants) (alternatively)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "obsolete"
},
"expansion": "(obsolete)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "veldėti",
"t": "to inherit; (obsolete) possess, govern"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: veldėti (“to inherit; (obsolete) possess, govern”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: veldėti (“to inherit; (obsolete) possess, govern”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*volsti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *volsti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *volsti"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "власти",
"t": "to rule"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic: власти (vlasti, “to rule”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic: власти (vlasti, “to rule”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂wolh₁-dʰh₁-eh₁-ti (éh₁-stative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*volděti",
"t": "to rule"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *volděti (“to rule”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *volděti (“to rule”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂wolh₁-dʰh₁-éye-ti (eye-iterative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "vàldît"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: vàldît",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: vàldît"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "valdýti"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: valdýti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: valdýti"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*waldijaną",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Germanic: *waldijaną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "unless from *h₂wolh₁-t-éye-ti"
},
"expansion": "(unless from *h₂wolh₁-t-éye-ti)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Germanic: *waldijaną (unless from *h₂wolh₁-t-éye-ti)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*waldijan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *waldijan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *waldijan"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "wieldan"
},
"expansion": "Old English: wieldan, wildan\nEnglish: wield\nScots: wield",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: wieldan, wildan\nEnglish: wield\nScots: wield"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂wolh₁-dʰ-tis"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*walstis"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *walstis",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *walstis"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "valstybė"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: valstybė",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: valstybė"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "valsts"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: valsts",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: valsts"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*volstь",
"t": "rule"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *volstь (“rule”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *volstь (“rule”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "veldėti",
"t": "to inherit"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: veldėti (“to inherit”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: veldėti (“to inherit”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "weldisnan",
"g": "s",
"pos": "acc",
"t": "inheritance"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian: weldisnan sg (“inheritance”, acc)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Prussian: weldisnan sg (“inheritance”, acc)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*voldь"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *voldь",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *voldь"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "владь",
"t": "power"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic: владь (vladĭ, “power”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic: владь (vladĭ, “power”)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "follnaithir",
"3": "",
"4": "rules"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish follnaithir (“rules”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Possibly connected to *welh₁- (“to choose, wish”), but Hittite requires a leading h₂-. Furthermore, an argument against reconstructing a root-final h₁ is Old Irish follnaithir (“rules”), which point to h₂ instead. A connection with *HweRdʰ- (“to become big/strong”), Sanskrit वर्धते (várdhate, “to grow”), is also suggested.",
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂welh₁-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to rule"
],
"id": "en-h₂welh₁--ine-pro-root-ine_pro:rule",
"links": [
[
"rule",
"rule"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:rule"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European HReRH-shape roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"strong, powerful"
],
"id": "en-h₂welh₁--ine-pro-root-32xCh9bM",
"links": [
[
"strong",
"strong"
],
[
"powerful",
"powerful"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Rick Derksen"
],
"word": "h₂welh₁-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "*h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂wolh₁-ḱ-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*volsъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *volsъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *volsъ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*wálćas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wálćas",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wálćas (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂wolh₁-ḱ-nom"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*volkъno"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *volkъno",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *volkъno (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*walkás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *walkás",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *walkás (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "wlōh"
},
"expansion": "Old English: wlōh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: wlōh"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Baltic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "valaĩ"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: valaĩ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: valaĩ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "λῶμα"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: λῶμα (lôma)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: λῶμα (lôma), λάχνη (lákhnē), λάχνος (lákhnos), λάσιος (lásios)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*HwārHáts"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwārHáts",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwārHáts"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-nur-pro",
"2": "*wārakká"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Nuristani: *wārakká",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Nuristani: *wārakká (< *HwārHatkás)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Nuristani:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bsh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Kamkata-viri:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kamkata-viri:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xvi",
"2": "varúk"
},
"expansion": "Kamviri: varúk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kamviri: varúk"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prn",
"2": "vórik"
},
"expansion": "Prasuni: vórik",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Prasuni: vórik"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Southern Nuristani:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ask",
"2": "vorṓk"
},
"expansion": "Ashkun: vorṓk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ashkun: vorṓk"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wbk",
"2": "vërëk"
},
"expansion": "Waigali: vërëk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Waigali: vërëk"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "vellus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: vellus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: vellus, villus"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "*ulos"
},
"expansion": "Latin: *ulos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: *ulos"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "adūlor"
},
"expansion": "Latin: adūlor",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: adūlor"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*voldь"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *voldь",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *voldь"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "володь"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: володь (volodĭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: володь (volodĭ)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "владь"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic: владь (vladĭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic: владь (vladĭ)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "владь",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old East Slavic: владь (vladĭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old East Slavic: владь (vladĭ)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*podvoldьnъka",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Slavic: *podvoldьnъka",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "(?) ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *podvoldьnъka"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "pódlanka",
"t": "undercoat"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: pódlanka (“undercoat”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: pódlanka (“undercoat”)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_text": "Often compared to *welh₃- (“to pluck”) and *welH- (“to turn”).",
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂welh₁-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"hair; wool"
],
"id": "en-h₂welh₁--ine-pro-root-ine_pro:wool",
"links": [
[
"hair",
"hair"
],
[
"wool",
"wool"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "welh₁-"
},
{
"word": "welH-"
}
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:wool"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "h₂welh₁-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-European HReRH-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂wl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ *h₂wl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Anatolian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒄷𒌌𒇷𒄑𒍣",
"t": "to smash, to defeat",
"tr": "ḫu-ul-le-ez-zi",
"ts": "hullezi"
},
"expansion": "Hittite: 𒄷𒌌𒇷𒄑𒍣 (ḫu-ul-le-ez-zi /hullezi/, “to smash, to defeat”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hittite: 𒄷𒌌𒇷𒄑𒍣 (ḫu-ul-le-ez-zi /hullezi/, “to smash, to defeat”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂wl̥h₁-eh₁-(ye)-ti"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*walēō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *walēō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *walēō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "valeō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: valeō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: valeō"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂wl̥-né-h₂-ti"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*walnati",
"t": "to rule, govern"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *walnati (“to rule, govern”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *walnati (“to rule, govern”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "follnaithir",
"alt": "fallnaithir"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: fallnaithir",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: fallnaithir"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*welh₁-t ~ *wl̥h₁-ént (root aorist)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*waldaną",
"alt": "*wulþǭ",
"pos": "1st p. past tense"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *wulþǭ (1st p. past tense)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *wulþǭ (1st p. past tense)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*waldaną",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Germanic: *waldaną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "back formation"
},
"expansion": "(back formation)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Germanic: *waldaną (see there for further descendants) (back formation)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂wl̥h₁-etro-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*walatros",
"t": "ruler"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *walatros (“ruler”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *walatros (“ruler”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*gwaladr"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *gwaladr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic: *gwaladr"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*wolh₁-neh₂-mō ~ *wl̥h₁-neh₂-m̥n-és"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*wolnāmū",
"t": "ruler"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *wolnāmū (“ruler”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *wolnāmū (“ruler”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mga",
"2": "follamnacht",
"der": "1",
"t": "government, ruling"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Middle Irish: follamnacht (“government, ruling”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Middle Irish: follamnacht (“government, ruling”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mga",
"2": "follamnaigid",
"der": "1",
"t": "to rule, govern"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Middle Irish: follamnaigid (“to rule, govern”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Middle Irish: follamnaigid (“to rule, govern”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂wl̥h₁-ont-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xto",
"2": "wäl",
"t": "king"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian A: wäl (“king”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian A: wäl (“king”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "walo",
"t": "king"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B: walo (“king”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian B: walo (“king”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂wl̥h₁-o-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*walos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *walos",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *walos (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂wélh₁-ti-s ~ *h₂wl̥h₁-téy-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*wlatis"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *wlatis",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *wlatis (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂wélh₁-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*waldaną",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Germanic: *waldaną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "alternatively"
},
"expansion": "(alternatively)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Germanic: *waldaną (see there for further descendants) (alternatively)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "obsolete"
},
"expansion": "(obsolete)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "veldėti",
"t": "to inherit; (obsolete) possess, govern"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: veldėti (“to inherit; (obsolete) possess, govern”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: veldėti (“to inherit; (obsolete) possess, govern”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*volsti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *volsti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *volsti"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "власти",
"t": "to rule"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic: власти (vlasti, “to rule”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic: власти (vlasti, “to rule”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂wolh₁-dʰh₁-eh₁-ti (éh₁-stative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*volděti",
"t": "to rule"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *volděti (“to rule”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *volděti (“to rule”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂wolh₁-dʰh₁-éye-ti (eye-iterative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "vàldît"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: vàldît",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: vàldît"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "valdýti"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: valdýti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: valdýti"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*waldijaną",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Germanic: *waldijaną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "unless from *h₂wolh₁-t-éye-ti"
},
"expansion": "(unless from *h₂wolh₁-t-éye-ti)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Germanic: *waldijaną (unless from *h₂wolh₁-t-éye-ti)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*waldijan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *waldijan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *waldijan"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "wieldan"
},
"expansion": "Old English: wieldan, wildan\nEnglish: wield\nScots: wield",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: wieldan, wildan\nEnglish: wield\nScots: wield"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂wolh₁-dʰ-tis"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*walstis"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *walstis",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *walstis"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "valstybė"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: valstybė",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: valstybė"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "valsts"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: valsts",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: valsts"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*volstь",
"t": "rule"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *volstь (“rule”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *volstь (“rule”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "veldėti",
"t": "to inherit"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: veldėti (“to inherit”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: veldėti (“to inherit”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "weldisnan",
"g": "s",
"pos": "acc",
"t": "inheritance"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian: weldisnan sg (“inheritance”, acc)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Prussian: weldisnan sg (“inheritance”, acc)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*voldь"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *voldь",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *voldь"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "владь",
"t": "power"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic: владь (vladĭ, “power”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic: владь (vladĭ, “power”)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "follnaithir",
"3": "",
"4": "rules"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish follnaithir (“rules”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Possibly connected to *welh₁- (“to choose, wish”), but Hittite requires a leading h₂-. Furthermore, an argument against reconstructing a root-final h₁ is Old Irish follnaithir (“rules”), which point to h₂ instead. A connection with *HweRdʰ- (“to become big/strong”), Sanskrit वर्धते (várdhate, “to grow”), is also suggested.",
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂welh₁-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to rule"
],
"links": [
[
"rule",
"rule"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:rule"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"strong, powerful"
],
"links": [
[
"strong",
"strong"
],
[
"powerful",
"powerful"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Rick Derksen"
],
"word": "h₂welh₁-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-European HReRH-shape roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "*h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂wolh₁-ḱ-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*volsъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *volsъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *volsъ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*wálćas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wálćas",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wálćas (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*h₂wolh₁-ḱ-nom"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*volkъno"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *volkъno",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *volkъno (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*walkás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *walkás",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *walkás (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "wlōh"
},
"expansion": "Old English: wlōh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: wlōh"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Baltic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "valaĩ"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: valaĩ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: valaĩ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "λῶμα"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: λῶμα (lôma)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: λῶμα (lôma), λάχνη (lákhnē), λάχνος (lákhnos), λάσιος (lásios)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*HwārHáts"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwārHáts",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HwārHáts"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-nur-pro",
"2": "*wārakká"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Nuristani: *wārakká",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Nuristani: *wārakká (< *HwārHatkás)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Nuristani:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bsh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Kamkata-viri:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kamkata-viri:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xvi",
"2": "varúk"
},
"expansion": "Kamviri: varúk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kamviri: varúk"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prn",
"2": "vórik"
},
"expansion": "Prasuni: vórik",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Prasuni: vórik"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Southern Nuristani:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ask",
"2": "vorṓk"
},
"expansion": "Ashkun: vorṓk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ashkun: vorṓk"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wbk",
"2": "vërëk"
},
"expansion": "Waigali: vërëk",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Waigali: vërëk"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "vellus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: vellus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: vellus, villus"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "*ulos"
},
"expansion": "Latin: *ulos",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: *ulos"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "adūlor"
},
"expansion": "Latin: adūlor",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: adūlor"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*voldь"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *voldь",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *voldь"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "володь"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: володь (volodĭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: володь (volodĭ)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "владь"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic: владь (vladĭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic: владь (vladĭ)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "владь",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old East Slavic: владь (vladĭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Old East Slavic: владь (vladĭ)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*podvoldьnъka",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Slavic: *podvoldьnъka",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "(?) ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *podvoldьnъka"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "pódlanka",
"t": "undercoat"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: pódlanka (“undercoat”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: pódlanka (“undercoat”)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_text": "Often compared to *welh₃- (“to pluck”) and *welH- (“to turn”).",
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂welh₁-",
"pos": "root",
"related": [
{
"word": "welh₁-"
},
{
"word": "welH-"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"hair; wool"
],
"links": [
[
"hair",
"hair"
],
[
"wool",
"wool"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:wool"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "h₂welh₁-"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (e9e0a99 and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.