See h₁epi in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "mbi"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: mbi",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Tosk"
},
"expansion": "(Tosk)",
"name": "i"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: mbi (Tosk)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "mby"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: mby",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "my"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: my",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Gheg"
},
"expansion": "(Gheg)",
"name": "i"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: mby, Albanian: my (Gheg)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "եւ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: եւ (ew)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: եւ (ew)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hy",
"2": "եւ"
},
"expansion": "Armenian: եւ (ew)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Armenian: եւ (ew)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "ep-",
"3": "eb-"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian: ep-, eb-",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "as in <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"prg\">ebimmai</i>"
},
"expansion": "(as in ebimmai)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Old Prussian: ep-, eb- (as in ebimmai)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*eɸi-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *eɸi-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *eɸi-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "íadaid",
"alt1": "ía-daid",
"der": "1",
"t": "to close"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Old Irish: ía-daid (“to close”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Old Irish: ía-daid (“to close”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*bi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *bi",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *bi (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*epí"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *epí",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *epí"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἐπί"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ἐπί (epí)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ἐπί (epí)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "επί"
},
"expansion": "Greek: επί (epí)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Greek: επί (epí)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmy",
"2": "𐀁𐀠"
},
"expansion": "Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀠 (e-pi)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀠 (e-pi)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hápi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápi",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápi (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cms",
"2": "epi-",
"3": "ipi-",
"4": "eipei-"
},
"expansion": "Messapic: epi-, ipi-, eipei-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Messapic: epi-, ipi-, eipei-"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"id": "near"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Would be locative case of *h₁eps (from *h₁ep-), which could mean \"back\", with the \"on\" sense referring to pack animals or riding.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "*h₁opi",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "*h₁epi",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁epi",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"sense": "Proto-Celtic: *eɸirom; Old Irish",
"word": "íar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"on, at, near"
],
"id": "en-h₁epi-ine-pro-adv-0mbJ5bgl",
"links": [
[
"on",
"on"
],
[
"at",
"at"
],
[
"near",
"near"
]
],
"related": [
{
"sense": "Proto-Italic: *obs",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "obs-"
},
{
"roman": "u",
"sense": "Proto-Armenian; Old Armenian",
"word": "ու"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *api",
"tags": [
"Lithuanian"
],
"word": "ap-"
},
{
"alt": "in e.g. ὀπίσω (opísō)",
"roman": "opi-",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic: *opí, *opi-",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "ὀπι-"
},
{
"roman": "o-pi",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic: *opí, *opi-",
"tags": [
"Greek",
"Mycenaean"
],
"word": "𐀃𐀠"
},
{
"sense": ">? Proto-Italic: *opi",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "ob"
},
{
"sense": ">? Proto-Italic: *opi",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "ap(ud)"
},
{
"roman": "úp",
"sense": ">? Proto-Italic: *opi",
"word": "𐌞𐌐"
},
{
"sense": ">? Proto-Italic: *opi",
"word": "op"
},
{
"roman": "ópisthen",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "ὄπισθεν"
},
{
"roman": "opísō",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "ὀπίσω"
},
{
"roman": "anópin",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "ἀνόπιν"
},
{
"roman": "katópin",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "κατόπιν"
},
{
"roman": "metópin",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "μετόπιν"
},
{
"alt": "more likely < *h₂ep(o)-tero-",
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "*h₁op(i)-tero-",
"word": ">? Proto-Germanic: *after"
},
{
"word": "⇒? *(h₁)p-ó-s"
},
{
"word": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"word": "ēbanþs"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Baltic: *pie- (?)",
"tags": [
"Latvian"
],
"word": "piedurkne"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "h₁epi"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"sense": "Proto-Celtic: *eɸirom; Old Irish",
"word": "íar"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "mbi"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: mbi",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Tosk"
},
"expansion": "(Tosk)",
"name": "i"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: mbi (Tosk)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "mby"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: mby",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "my"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: my",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Gheg"
},
"expansion": "(Gheg)",
"name": "i"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: mby, Albanian: my (Gheg)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "եւ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: եւ (ew)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: եւ (ew)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hy",
"2": "եւ"
},
"expansion": "Armenian: եւ (ew)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Armenian: եւ (ew)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "ep-",
"3": "eb-"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian: ep-, eb-",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "as in <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"prg\">ebimmai</i>"
},
"expansion": "(as in ebimmai)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Old Prussian: ep-, eb- (as in ebimmai)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*eɸi-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *eɸi-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *eɸi-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "íadaid",
"alt1": "ía-daid",
"der": "1",
"t": "to close"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Old Irish: ía-daid (“to close”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Old Irish: ía-daid (“to close”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*bi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *bi",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *bi (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*epí"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *epí",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *epí"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἐπί"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: ἐπί (epí)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: ἐπί (epí)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "επί"
},
"expansion": "Greek: επί (epí)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Greek: επί (epí)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmy",
"2": "𐀁𐀠"
},
"expansion": "Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀠 (e-pi)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mycenaean Greek: 𐀁𐀠 (e-pi)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hápi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápi",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápi (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cms",
"2": "epi-",
"3": "ipi-",
"4": "eipei-"
},
"expansion": "Messapic: epi-, ipi-, eipei-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Messapic: epi-, ipi-, eipei-"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"id": "near"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Would be locative case of *h₁eps (from *h₁ep-), which could mean \"back\", with the \"on\" sense referring to pack animals or riding.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "*h₁opi",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "*h₁epi",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁epi",
"pos": "adv",
"related": [
{
"sense": "Proto-Italic: *obs",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "obs-"
},
{
"roman": "u",
"sense": "Proto-Armenian; Old Armenian",
"word": "ու"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *api",
"tags": [
"Lithuanian"
],
"word": "ap-"
},
{
"alt": "in e.g. ὀπίσω (opísō)",
"roman": "opi-",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic: *opí, *opi-",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "ὀπι-"
},
{
"roman": "o-pi",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic: *opí, *opi-",
"tags": [
"Greek",
"Mycenaean"
],
"word": "𐀃𐀠"
},
{
"sense": ">? Proto-Italic: *opi",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "ob"
},
{
"sense": ">? Proto-Italic: *opi",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "ap(ud)"
},
{
"roman": "úp",
"sense": ">? Proto-Italic: *opi",
"word": "𐌞𐌐"
},
{
"sense": ">? Proto-Italic: *opi",
"word": "op"
},
{
"roman": "ópisthen",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "ὄπισθεν"
},
{
"roman": "opísō",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "ὀπίσω"
},
{
"roman": "anópin",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "ἀνόπιν"
},
{
"roman": "katópin",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "κατόπιν"
},
{
"roman": "metópin",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "μετόπιν"
},
{
"alt": "more likely < *h₂ep(o)-tero-",
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "*h₁op(i)-tero-",
"word": ">? Proto-Germanic: *after"
},
{
"word": "⇒? *(h₁)p-ó-s"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Baltic: *pie- (?)",
"tags": [
"Latvian"
],
"word": "piedurkne"
},
{
"word": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"word": "ēbanþs"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European adverbs",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas"
],
"glosses": [
"on, at, near"
],
"links": [
[
"on",
"on"
],
[
"at",
"at"
],
[
"near",
"near"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "h₁epi"
}
Download raw JSONL data for h₁epi meaning in Proto-Indo-European (5.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-05-20 using wiktextract (3dadd05 and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.