See dʰéǵʰōm in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Albanian",
"lang_code": "sqj-pro",
"word": "*dzō"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Anatolian",
"lang_code": "ine-ana-pro",
"word": "*déǵm̥"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Armenian",
"lang_code": "xcl",
"roman": "cʻamakʻ",
"sense": "dry; dry land",
"word": "ցամաք"
}
],
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"word": "*zemľa"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"word": "*źémē"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"word": "*zemľa"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"word": "*źémijā"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"word": "*gdū"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro",
"word": "*kʰtʰṓn"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"< *dʰǵʰṓm-s"
],
"word": "*ȷ́ʰžʰā́s"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Tocharian",
"lang_code": "ine-toc-pro",
"word": "*tken"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "af",
"3": "*dʰeǵʰ->?",
"4": "*-ōm>?",
"id": "earth"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*dʰeǵʰ-",
"3": "*-ōm"
},
"expansion": "*dʰeǵʰ- + *-ōm",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *dʰeǵʰ- + *-ōm. However, Kloekhorst argues that the Sanskrit and Anatolian evidence point towards a reconstruction of the root *dʰeǵ- as opposed to *dʰeǵʰ- on the basis that:\n* In the Sanskrit oblique stem jm-, the consonant -j- must reflect *ǵ- and cannot reflect *ǵʰ-, which would regularly give -h- in all positions.\n* The long vowel in the Hittite nominative singular [tēkan] suggests a \"voiced unaspirated\" (pre-glottalised) velar.\n* The *ǵʰ- reconstructable from Latin, Germanic and Greek can be explained in the glottalic theory as a simplification of the cluster *dʰǵ /dˀɡ/ to *dʰǵʰ /dɡ/. The opposite development is much less likely.\nIt should be noted, however, that the glottalic theory is not generally accepted.\nA phonetically difficult but possible connection is with *(s)teǵ- (“to cover”), with devoicing of *dʰ to *t via Siebs' law.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ine-decl-noun-mf",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰéǵʰōm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰéǵʰom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰéǵʰōm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ǵʰmés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ǵʰmés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ǵʰméy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ǵʰém",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ǵʰémi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ǵʰméh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"f2nolink": "1",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"head5": ""
},
"expansion": "*dʰéǵʰōm f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dʰéǵʰom",
"2": "ǵʰm̥",
"ac": "amphikinetic",
"loc_sg": "ǵʰém",
"n": "s"
},
"name": "ine-decl-noun-mf"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰéǵʰōm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European terms prefixed with *dʰeǵʰ-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-ōm",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"sense": "Proto-Italic: *homos",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "humus"
},
{
"roman": "khthamalós",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "χθαμαλός"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Italic",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "humilis"
},
{
"roman": "zemelōs",
"sense": "*dʰǵʰem-elo-",
"word": "ζεμελως"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "*dʰǵʰom-yos",
"translation": "see there for further descendants",
"word": "gdonyos"
},
{
"english": "snake",
"sense": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źmijā́ˀ",
"tags": [
"Proto-Slavic"
],
"translation": "snake",
"word": "zmьja"
},
{
"english": "earthling, human",
"translation": "earthling, human",
"word": "(dʰ)ǵʰ(m̥)m-ṓ"
},
{
"roman": "zəmar",
"tags": [
"Eastern",
"Iranian"
],
"word": "𐬰𐬆𐬨𐬀𐬭"
},
{
"roman": "jā́marya",
"sense": "Sanskrit: *जमर् (*jámar)",
"tags": [
"possibly"
],
"word": "⇒ Sanskrit: जामर्य"
}
],
"glosses": [
"earth"
],
"id": "en-dʰéǵʰōm-ine-pro-noun-e3S0GKNS",
"links": [
[
"earth",
"earth"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*h₁er-"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Siebs' law"
]
}
],
"word": "dʰéǵʰōm"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"sense": "Proto-Italic: *homos",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "humus"
},
{
"roman": "khthamalós",
"sense": "Proto-Hellenic",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "χθαμαλός"
},
{
"sense": "Proto-Italic",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "humilis"
},
{
"roman": "zemelōs",
"sense": "*dʰǵʰem-elo-",
"word": "ζεμελως"
},
{
"english": "see there for further descendants",
"sense": "*dʰǵʰom-yos",
"translation": "see there for further descendants",
"word": "gdonyos"
},
{
"english": "snake",
"sense": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źmijā́ˀ",
"tags": [
"Proto-Slavic"
],
"translation": "snake",
"word": "zmьja"
},
{
"english": "earthling, human",
"translation": "earthling, human",
"word": "(dʰ)ǵʰ(m̥)m-ṓ"
},
{
"roman": "jā́marya",
"sense": "Sanskrit: *जमर् (*jámar)",
"tags": [
"possibly"
],
"word": "⇒ Sanskrit: जामर्य"
},
{
"roman": "zəmar",
"tags": [
"Eastern",
"Iranian"
],
"word": "𐬰𐬆𐬨𐬀𐬭"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Albanian",
"lang_code": "sqj-pro",
"word": "*dzō"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Anatolian",
"lang_code": "ine-ana-pro",
"word": "*déǵm̥"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old Armenian",
"lang_code": "xcl",
"roman": "cʻamakʻ",
"sense": "dry; dry land",
"word": "ցամաք"
}
],
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"word": "*zemľa"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"word": "*źémē"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"word": "*zemľa"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"word": "*źémijā"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"word": "*gdū"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro",
"word": "*kʰtʰṓn"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"< *dʰǵʰṓm-s"
],
"word": "*ȷ́ʰžʰā́s"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Tocharian",
"lang_code": "ine-toc-pro",
"word": "*tken"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "af",
"3": "*dʰeǵʰ->?",
"4": "*-ōm>?",
"id": "earth"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*dʰeǵʰ-",
"3": "*-ōm"
},
"expansion": "*dʰeǵʰ- + *-ōm",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *dʰeǵʰ- + *-ōm. However, Kloekhorst argues that the Sanskrit and Anatolian evidence point towards a reconstruction of the root *dʰeǵ- as opposed to *dʰeǵʰ- on the basis that:\n* In the Sanskrit oblique stem jm-, the consonant -j- must reflect *ǵ- and cannot reflect *ǵʰ-, which would regularly give -h- in all positions.\n* The long vowel in the Hittite nominative singular [tēkan] suggests a \"voiced unaspirated\" (pre-glottalised) velar.\n* The *ǵʰ- reconstructable from Latin, Germanic and Greek can be explained in the glottalic theory as a simplification of the cluster *dʰǵ /dˀɡ/ to *dʰǵʰ /dɡ/. The opposite development is much less likely.\nIt should be noted, however, that the glottalic theory is not generally accepted.\nA phonetically difficult but possible connection is with *(s)teǵ- (“to cover”), with devoicing of *dʰ to *t via Siebs' law.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ine-decl-noun-mf",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰéǵʰōm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰéǵʰom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "dʰéǵʰōm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ǵʰmés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ǵʰmés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ǵʰméy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ǵʰém",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ǵʰémi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ǵʰméh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"f2nolink": "1",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"head3": "",
"head4": "",
"head5": ""
},
"expansion": "*dʰéǵʰōm f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dʰéǵʰom",
"2": "ǵʰm̥",
"ac": "amphikinetic",
"loc_sg": "ǵʰém",
"n": "s"
},
"name": "ine-decl-noun-mf"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰéǵʰōm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European amphikinetic m-stem nouns",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European feminine nouns",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European nouns",
"Proto-Indo-European terms prefixed with *dʰeǵʰ-",
"Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-ōm",
"ine-pro:Earth"
],
"glosses": [
"earth"
],
"links": [
[
"earth",
"earth"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*h₁er-"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Siebs' law"
]
}
],
"word": "dʰéǵʰōm"
}
Download raw JSONL data for dʰéǵʰōm meaning in Proto-Indo-European (6.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-08-29 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-23 using wiktextract (ffdbfc3 and b9346a0). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.