See -kʷe in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*dže"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *dže\nAlbanian: dhe",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *dže\nAlbanian: dhe"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro",
"2": "*-ku"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian: *-ku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian: *-ku"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒊌𒆪",
"tr": "uk-ku",
"ts": "(=k)ku"
},
"expansion": "Hittite: 𒊌𒆪 (uk-ku /(=k)ku/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hittite: 𒊌𒆪 (uk-ku /(=k)ku/)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xlu",
"2": "𒆪",
"tr": "ku"
},
"expansion": "Luwian: 𒆪 (ku)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Luwian: 𒆪 (ku)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "plq",
"2": "𒆪",
"tr": "ku"
},
"expansion": "Palaic: 𒆪 (ku)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Palaic: 𒆪 (ku)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "-եք"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: -եք (-ekʻ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: -եք (-ekʻ)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*-kʷe"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *-kʷe",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *-kʷe (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-hw"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *-hw",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *-hw (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*-kʷe"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *-kʷe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *-kʷe"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "τε"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: τε (te)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: τε (te)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmy",
"2": "𐀤",
"ts": "-kʷe"
},
"expansion": "Mycenaean Greek: 𐀤 (qe /-kʷe/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mycenaean Greek: 𐀤 (qe /-kʷe/)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*-ča"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ča",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ča (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "< *-skʷe"
},
"expansion": "(< *-skʷe)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: (< *-skʷe)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa-ved",
"alt": "-श्च"
},
"expansion": "Vedic Sanskrit: -श्च (-śca)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "in fixed expressions like <i class=\"Deva mention\" lang=\"sa\">वाय॒व् इन्द्र॑श्च</i> (vā́yav índraśca, “Oh Vāyu and Indra”)"
},
"expansion": "(in fixed expressions like वाय॒व् इन्द्र॑श्च (vā́yav índraśca, “Oh Vāyu and Indra”))",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Vedic Sanskrit: -श्च (-śca) (in fixed expressions like वाय॒व् इन्द्र॑श्च (vā́yav índraśca, “Oh Vāyu and Indra”))"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*-kʷe"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *-kʷe",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *-kʷe (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xpg",
"2": "κε"
},
"expansion": "Phrygian: κε (ke)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Phrygian: κε (ke)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "perhaps"
},
"expansion": "(perhaps)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*tśe"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *tśe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "(perhaps) Proto-Albanian: *tśe"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "s-"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: s-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: s- / -s (“not”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*es-ke",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *es-ke",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *es-ke"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*(j)ešče",
"alt": "*(j)eš-če",
"t": "yet, still"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *(j)eš-če (“yet, still”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₁es-",
"3": "*-kʷe",
"nocat": "1",
"t1": "to be"
},
"expansion": "*h₁es- (“to be”) + *-kʷe",
"name": "affix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly a compound of <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*h₁es-</i> (“to be”) + <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*-kʷe</i>"
},
"expansion": "(possibly a compound of *h₁es- (“to be”) + *-kʷe)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *(j)eš-če (“yet, still”) (possibly a compound of *h₁es- (“to be”) + *-kʷe) (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"id": "and"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Dunkel suggests *-skʷe is the older form, coming from (an old injunctive of) *sekʷ- (“to follow”). Szeremenyi derives *-kʷe from an instrumental *kʷe-h₁ of *kʷís ~ *kʷós. Dunkel gives this *kʷeh₁ as the origin for the distributive meaning.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-kʷe",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "-skʷe",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "conjunction",
"cat2": "enclitics",
"head2": "*-skʷe"
},
"expansion": "*-kʷe or *-skʷe",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-kʷe",
"pos": "conj",
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "*-wē"
}
],
"glosses": [
"and"
],
"id": "en--kʷe-ine-pro-conj-YgERG4Og",
"links": [
[
"and",
"and"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 50 0 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 50 0 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European enclitics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms distributives from interrogatives."
],
"id": "en--kʷe-ine-pro-conj-2u7EXfPL",
"links": [
[
"distributive",
"distributive#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme"
],
"word": "-kʷe"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European conjunctions",
"Proto-Indo-European enclitics",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*dže"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *dže\nAlbanian: dhe",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *dže\nAlbanian: dhe"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro",
"2": "*-ku"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian: *-ku",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian: *-ku"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒊌𒆪",
"tr": "uk-ku",
"ts": "(=k)ku"
},
"expansion": "Hittite: 𒊌𒆪 (uk-ku /(=k)ku/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hittite: 𒊌𒆪 (uk-ku /(=k)ku/)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xlu",
"2": "𒆪",
"tr": "ku"
},
"expansion": "Luwian: 𒆪 (ku)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Luwian: 𒆪 (ku)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "plq",
"2": "𒆪",
"tr": "ku"
},
"expansion": "Palaic: 𒆪 (ku)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Palaic: 𒆪 (ku)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "-եք"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: -եք (-ekʻ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: -եք (-ekʻ)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*-kʷe"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *-kʷe",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *-kʷe (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-hw"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *-hw",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *-hw (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*-kʷe"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *-kʷe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *-kʷe"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "τε"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: τε (te)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: τε (te)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmy",
"2": "𐀤",
"ts": "-kʷe"
},
"expansion": "Mycenaean Greek: 𐀤 (qe /-kʷe/)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mycenaean Greek: 𐀤 (qe /-kʷe/)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*-ča"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ča",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ča (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "< *-skʷe"
},
"expansion": "(< *-skʷe)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: (< *-skʷe)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa-ved",
"alt": "-श्च"
},
"expansion": "Vedic Sanskrit: -श्च (-śca)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "in fixed expressions like <i class=\"Deva mention\" lang=\"sa\">वाय॒व् इन्द्र॑श्च</i> (vā́yav índraśca, “Oh Vāyu and Indra”)"
},
"expansion": "(in fixed expressions like वाय॒व् इन्द्र॑श्च (vā́yav índraśca, “Oh Vāyu and Indra”))",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Vedic Sanskrit: -श्च (-śca) (in fixed expressions like वाय॒व् इन्द्र॑श्च (vā́yav índraśca, “Oh Vāyu and Indra”))"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*-kʷe"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *-kʷe",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *-kʷe (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xpg",
"2": "κε"
},
"expansion": "Phrygian: κε (ke)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Phrygian: κε (ke)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "perhaps"
},
"expansion": "(perhaps)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*tśe"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *tśe",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "(perhaps) Proto-Albanian: *tśe"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "s-"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: s-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: s- / -s (“not”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*es-ke",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *es-ke",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *es-ke"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*(j)ešče",
"alt": "*(j)eš-če",
"t": "yet, still"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *(j)eš-če (“yet, still”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₁es-",
"3": "*-kʷe",
"nocat": "1",
"t1": "to be"
},
"expansion": "*h₁es- (“to be”) + *-kʷe",
"name": "affix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "possibly a compound of <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*h₁es-</i> (“to be”) + <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*-kʷe</i>"
},
"expansion": "(possibly a compound of *h₁es- (“to be”) + *-kʷe)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *(j)eš-če (“yet, still”) (possibly a compound of *h₁es- (“to be”) + *-kʷe) (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"id": "and"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Dunkel suggests *-skʷe is the older form, coming from (an old injunctive of) *sekʷ- (“to follow”). Szeremenyi derives *-kʷe from an instrumental *kʷe-h₁ of *kʷís ~ *kʷós. Dunkel gives this *kʷeh₁ as the origin for the distributive meaning.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-kʷe",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "-skʷe",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "conjunction",
"cat2": "enclitics",
"head2": "*-skʷe"
},
"expansion": "*-kʷe or *-skʷe",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-kʷe",
"pos": "conj",
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "*-wē"
}
],
"glosses": [
"and"
],
"links": [
[
"and",
"and"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Forms distributives from interrogatives."
],
"links": [
[
"distributive",
"distributive#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme"
],
"word": "-kʷe"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -kʷe meaning in Proto-Indo-European (6.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-08 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-04-03 using wiktextract (51d164f and fb63907). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.