See -ēs in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Ancient Greek: -ης (-ēs)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*-ās"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ās",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ās"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*-ās"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-ās",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-ās"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "-अष्"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: -अष् (-aṣ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: -अष् (-aṣ)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "from",
"3": "ine-pro>*-os>athematic",
"id": "adjectival suffix",
"pos": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-os",
"3": "*-s",
"alt1": "*(é)-os (athematic)",
"id1": "athematic",
"pos1": "neuter s-stem",
"pos2": "nominative"
},
"expansion": "*(é)-os (athematic) (neuter s-stem) + *-s (nominative)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *(é)-ess, compound suffix from *(é)-os (athematic) (neuter s-stem) + *-s (nominative), with simplification of the geminate consonants and compensatory lengthening.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ine-decl-adj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-ēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-esh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-esh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eses",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-eses",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-es",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é-es",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-esh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-esh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eses",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é-eses",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-esm̥",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esm̥",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-esh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-esh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-esm̥s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esm̥s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-esos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-esoHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esoHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-esos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-esmos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esmos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-esbʰos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esbʰos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-esey",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esey",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-esmos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esmos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-esbʰos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esbʰos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-es",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-es",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-esi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-esu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-esh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "-esmis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esmis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-esbʰis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esbʰis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-es",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-es",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-esih₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esih₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-ēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-esih₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esih₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é-ēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-es",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-es",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-esih₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esih₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-ēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
"head": "*(é)-ēs"
},
"expansion": "*(é)-ēs",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "(é)-es",
"2": "(é)-es",
"3": "(é)-es",
"4": "(é)-es",
"ac": "acrostatic"
},
"name": "ine-decl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-ēs",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"parents": [
"Entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-os (athematic)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-s",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "partially",
"roman": "-éō",
"sense": "*-és-y-e-ti (denominal -ye- infinitive)",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "-έω"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Primarily forms last members of adjectival bahuvrīhi compounds"
],
"id": "en--ēs-ine-pro-suffix-pgulkUE-",
"related": [
{
"word": "(é)-ōs"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ēs"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"english": "partially",
"roman": "-éō",
"sense": "*-és-y-e-ti (denominal -ye- infinitive)",
"tags": [
"Ancient-Greek"
],
"word": "-έω"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Ancient Greek: -ης (-ēs)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*-ās"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ās",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ās"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*-ās"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-ās",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-ās"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "-अष्"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: -अष् (-aṣ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: -अष् (-aṣ)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "from",
"3": "ine-pro>*-os>athematic",
"id": "adjectival suffix",
"pos": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-os",
"3": "*-s",
"alt1": "*(é)-os (athematic)",
"id1": "athematic",
"pos1": "neuter s-stem",
"pos2": "nominative"
},
"expansion": "*(é)-os (athematic) (neuter s-stem) + *-s (nominative)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *(é)-ess, compound suffix from *(é)-os (athematic) (neuter s-stem) + *-s (nominative), with simplification of the geminate consonants and compensatory lengthening.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ine-decl-adj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-ēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-esh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-esh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eses",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-eses",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-es",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é-es",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-esh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-esh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eses",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é-eses",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-esm̥",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esm̥",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-esh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-esh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-esm̥s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esm̥s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-esos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-esoHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esoHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-esos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-esmos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esmos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-esbʰos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esbʰos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-esey",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esey",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-esmos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esmos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-esbʰos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esbʰos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-es",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-es",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-esi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-esu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-esh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "-esmis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esmis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-esbʰis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esbʰis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-es",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-es",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-esih₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esih₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-ēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-esih₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esih₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é-ēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-es",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-es",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-esih₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "é-esih₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-ēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-ēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
"head": "*(é)-ēs"
},
"expansion": "*(é)-ēs",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "(é)-es",
"2": "(é)-es",
"3": "(é)-es",
"4": "(é)-es",
"ac": "acrostatic"
},
"name": "ine-decl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-ēs",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "(é)-ōs"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European acrostatic adjectives",
"Proto-Indo-European adjective-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Indo-European entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European suffixes",
"Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-os (athematic)",
"Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-s"
],
"glosses": [
"Primarily forms last members of adjectival bahuvrīhi compounds"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ēs"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ēs meaning in Proto-Indo-European (8.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-28 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-11-21 using wiktextract (65a6e81 and 0dbea76). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.