See tuppaz in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "tuppijaną"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "tuppijô"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "tuppilaz"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*topp"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *topp\nOld English: top, topp; toppa\nMiddle English: top, toppe, topp, tope, toop\nEnglish: top\n→ French: top\n→ German: Top\n→ Vietnamese: tốp\nScots: tap\nOld Frisian: topp, top\nNorth Frisian: top, tap, tup\nSaterland Frisian: Top\nWest Frisian: top; toppe\nOld Saxon: *top\nMiddle Low German: top\nLow German: Topp\n→ German: Topp\nOld Dutch: *topp, *top\nMiddle Dutch: top, topp\nDutch: top\nOld High German: zoph\nMiddle Low German: zopf\nCimbrian: sòpf\nGerman: Zopf\nHunsrik: Zopp\nLuxembourgish: Zapp\nVilamovian: cöp\nYiddish: צאָפּ (tsop)\n→ Italian: zuffa\n→ Vulgar Latin: *toppus (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *topp\nOld English: top, topp; toppa\nMiddle English: top, toppe, topp, tope, toop\nEnglish: top\n→ French: top\n→ German: Top\n→ Vietnamese: tốp\nScots: tap\nOld Frisian: topp, top\nNorth Frisian: top, tap, tup\nSaterland Frisian: Top\nWest Frisian: top; toppe\nOld Saxon: *top\nMiddle Low German: top\nLow German: Topp\n→ German: Topp\nOld Dutch: *topp, *top\nMiddle Dutch: top, topp\nDutch: top\nOld High German: zoph\nMiddle Low German: zopf\nCimbrian: sòpf\nGerman: Zopf\nHunsrik: Zopp\nLuxembourgish: Zapp\nVilamovian: cöp\nYiddish: צאָפּ (tsop)\n→ Italian: zuffa\n→ Vulgar Latin: *toppus (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "toppr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: toppr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: toppr"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "toppur"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: toppur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: toppur"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "toppur"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: toppur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: toppur"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "topp"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian: topp",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian: topp"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "topper",
"3": "tupper"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: topper, tupper",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: topper, tupper"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "topp"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: topp\n→ Finnish: toppa (“pile, heap; cylindrical container”)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: topp\n→ Finnish: toppa (“pile, heap; cylindrical container”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-oda",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Danish:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Danish:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Danish: top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danish: top"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "zepfo"
},
"expansion": "Old High German zepfo",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "tæppa",
"t": "strip of cloth"
},
"expansion": "Old English tæppa (“strip of cloth”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "tave",
"t": "piece of cloth"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian tave (“piece of cloth”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dewmb-",
"t": "penis, tail, rod"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dewmb- (“penis, tail, rod”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "zumpfo",
"t": "penis"
},
"expansion": "Old High German zumpfo (“penis”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "tamp",
"t": "rope end, penis"
},
"expansion": "Dutch tamp (“rope end, penis”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬛𐬎𐬨𐬀",
"t": "penis"
},
"expansion": "Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬨𐬀 (duma, “penis”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "دم",
"t": "tail",
"tr": "dom"
},
"expansion": "Persian دم (dom, “tail”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "urj-fin-pro",
"3": "*tup'as"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finnic *tup'as",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Secondary formation from *tebō, *tappaz (“tuft, knot, peg”), whence Old High German zepfo, zapfo (“plug, peg, broom”), Old English tæppa (“strip of cloth”), Norwegian tave (“piece of cloth”), of unknown origin.\nSometimes reconstructed from earlier *tumpaz with irregular development *mp > *pp, from Proto-Indo-European *dewmb- (“penis, tail, rod”), whence Old High German zumpfo (“penis”), Dutch tamp (“rope end, penis”), Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬨𐬀 (duma, “penis”), Persian دم (dom, “tail”). Pystynen (2024) proposes borrowing from Proto-Finnic *tup'as, in which case *tuppaz would be more original than the e- and a-grade variants cited above.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tupp",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tuppaz",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "tabbą"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "tabą"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "tappą"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "tapą"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "teppą"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"tuft, plait (of hair)"
],
"id": "en-tuppaz-gem-pro-noun-BO-ALheG",
"links": [
[
"tuft",
"tuft"
],
[
"plait",
"plait"
],
[
"hair",
"hair"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "35 65",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 76",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 74",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"top, summit"
],
"id": "en-tuppaz-gem-pro-noun-j0kVxZpR",
"links": [
[
"top",
"top"
],
[
"summit",
"summit"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtup.pɑz/"
}
],
"word": "tuppaz"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms borrowed from Proto-Finnic",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Finnic",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms with unknown etymologies",
"Requests for date"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "tuppijaną"
},
{
"word": "tuppijô"
},
{
"word": "tuppilaz"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*topp"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *topp\nOld English: top, topp; toppa\nMiddle English: top, toppe, topp, tope, toop\nEnglish: top\n→ French: top\n→ German: Top\n→ Vietnamese: tốp\nScots: tap\nOld Frisian: topp, top\nNorth Frisian: top, tap, tup\nSaterland Frisian: Top\nWest Frisian: top; toppe\nOld Saxon: *top\nMiddle Low German: top\nLow German: Topp\n→ German: Topp\nOld Dutch: *topp, *top\nMiddle Dutch: top, topp\nDutch: top\nOld High German: zoph\nMiddle Low German: zopf\nCimbrian: sòpf\nGerman: Zopf\nHunsrik: Zopp\nLuxembourgish: Zapp\nVilamovian: cöp\nYiddish: צאָפּ (tsop)\n→ Italian: zuffa\n→ Vulgar Latin: *toppus (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *topp\nOld English: top, topp; toppa\nMiddle English: top, toppe, topp, tope, toop\nEnglish: top\n→ French: top\n→ German: Top\n→ Vietnamese: tốp\nScots: tap\nOld Frisian: topp, top\nNorth Frisian: top, tap, tup\nSaterland Frisian: Top\nWest Frisian: top; toppe\nOld Saxon: *top\nMiddle Low German: top\nLow German: Topp\n→ German: Topp\nOld Dutch: *topp, *top\nMiddle Dutch: top, topp\nDutch: top\nOld High German: zoph\nMiddle Low German: zopf\nCimbrian: sòpf\nGerman: Zopf\nHunsrik: Zopp\nLuxembourgish: Zapp\nVilamovian: cöp\nYiddish: צאָפּ (tsop)\n→ Italian: zuffa\n→ Vulgar Latin: *toppus (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "toppr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: toppr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: toppr"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "toppur"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: toppur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: toppur"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "toppur"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: toppur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: toppur"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "topp"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian: topp",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian: topp"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "topper",
"3": "tupper"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: topper, tupper",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: topper, tupper"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "topp"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: topp\n→ Finnish: toppa (“pile, heap; cylindrical container”)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: topp\n→ Finnish: toppa (“pile, heap; cylindrical container”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-oda",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Danish:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Danish:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Danish: top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danish: top"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "zepfo"
},
"expansion": "Old High German zepfo",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "tæppa",
"t": "strip of cloth"
},
"expansion": "Old English tæppa (“strip of cloth”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "tave",
"t": "piece of cloth"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian tave (“piece of cloth”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dewmb-",
"t": "penis, tail, rod"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dewmb- (“penis, tail, rod”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "zumpfo",
"t": "penis"
},
"expansion": "Old High German zumpfo (“penis”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "tamp",
"t": "rope end, penis"
},
"expansion": "Dutch tamp (“rope end, penis”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬛𐬎𐬨𐬀",
"t": "penis"
},
"expansion": "Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬨𐬀 (duma, “penis”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "دم",
"t": "tail",
"tr": "dom"
},
"expansion": "Persian دم (dom, “tail”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "urj-fin-pro",
"3": "*tup'as"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finnic *tup'as",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Secondary formation from *tebō, *tappaz (“tuft, knot, peg”), whence Old High German zepfo, zapfo (“plug, peg, broom”), Old English tæppa (“strip of cloth”), Norwegian tave (“piece of cloth”), of unknown origin.\nSometimes reconstructed from earlier *tumpaz with irregular development *mp > *pp, from Proto-Indo-European *dewmb- (“penis, tail, rod”), whence Old High German zumpfo (“penis”), Dutch tamp (“rope end, penis”), Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬨𐬀 (duma, “penis”), Persian دم (dom, “tail”). Pystynen (2024) proposes borrowing from Proto-Finnic *tup'as, in which case *tuppaz would be more original than the e- and a-grade variants cited above.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tupp",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tuppaz",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "tabbą"
},
{
"word": "tabą"
},
{
"word": "tappą"
},
{
"word": "tapą"
},
{
"word": "teppą"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"tuft, plait (of hair)"
],
"links": [
[
"tuft",
"tuft"
],
[
"plait",
"plait"
],
[
"hair",
"hair"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"top, summit"
],
"links": [
[
"top",
"top"
],
[
"summit",
"summit"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtup.pɑz/"
}
],
"word": "tuppaz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for tuppaz meaning in Proto-Germanic (7.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-28 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-11-21 using wiktextract (65a6e81 and 0dbea76). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.