See tuppaz on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "tuppijaną"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "tuppijô"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "tuppilaz"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*topp"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *topp\nOld English: top, topp; toppa\nMiddle English: top, toppe, topp, tope, toop\nEnglish: top\n→ French: top\n→ German: Top\n→ Vietnamese: tốp\nScots: tap\nOld Frisian: topp, top\nNorth Frisian: top, tap, tup\nSaterland Frisian: Top\nWest Frisian: top; toppe\nOld Saxon: *top\nMiddle Low German: top\nLow German: Topp\n→ German: Topp\nOld Dutch: *topp, *top\nMiddle Dutch: top, topp\nDutch: top\nOld High German: zoph\nMiddle Low German: zopf\nCimbrian: sòpf\nGerman: Zopf\nHunsrik: Zopp\nLuxembourgish: Zapp\nVilamovian: cöp\nYiddish: צאָפּ (tsop)\n→ Italian: zuffa\n→ Vulgar Latin: *toppus (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *topp\nOld English: top, topp; toppa\nMiddle English: top, toppe, topp, tope, toop\nEnglish: top\n→ French: top\n→ German: Top\n→ Vietnamese: tốp\nScots: tap\nOld Frisian: topp, top\nNorth Frisian: top, tap, tup\nSaterland Frisian: Top\nWest Frisian: top; toppe\nOld Saxon: *top\nMiddle Low German: top\nLow German: Topp\n→ German: Topp\nOld Dutch: *topp, *top\nMiddle Dutch: top, topp\nDutch: top\nOld High German: zoph\nMiddle Low German: zopf\nCimbrian: sòpf\nGerman: Zopf\nHunsrik: Zopp\nLuxembourgish: Zapp\nVilamovian: cöp\nYiddish: צאָפּ (tsop)\n→ Italian: zuffa\n→ Vulgar Latin: *toppus (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "toppr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: toppr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: toppr"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "toppur"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: toppur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: toppur"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "toppur"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: toppur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: toppur"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "topp"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian: topp",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian: topp"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "topper",
"3": "tupper"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: topper, tupper",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: topper, tupper"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "topp"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: topp\n→ Finnish: toppa (“pile, heap; cylindrical container”)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: topp\n→ Finnish: toppa (“pile, heap; cylindrical container”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-oda",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Danish:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Danish:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Danish: top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danish: top"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"id": "top"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "zepfo"
},
"expansion": "Old High German zepfo",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "tæppa",
"t": "strip of cloth"
},
"expansion": "Old English tæppa (“strip of cloth”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "tave",
"t": "piece of cloth"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian tave (“piece of cloth”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dewmb-",
"t": "penis, tail, rod"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dewmb- (“penis, tail, rod”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "zumpfo",
"t": "penis"
},
"expansion": "Old High German zumpfo (“penis”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "tamp",
"t": "rope end, penis"
},
"expansion": "Dutch tamp (“rope end, penis”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬛𐬎𐬨𐬀",
"t": "penis"
},
"expansion": "Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬨𐬀 (duma, “penis”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "دُنْب",
"t": "tail",
"tr": "donb"
},
"expansion": "Persian دُنْب (donb, “tail”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "pre-Germanic",
"name": "pre-Germanic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*tumppaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *tumppaz",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "urj-fin-pro",
"3": "*tup'as"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finnic *tup'as",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Secondary formation from *tebô ~ *tappaz (“tuft, knot, peg”), whence Old High German zepfo, zapfo (“plug, peg, broom”), Old English tæppa (“strip of cloth”), Norwegian tave (“piece of cloth”), of unknown origin.\nSometimes reconstructed from earlier *tumpaz with irregular development *mp > *pp, from Proto-Indo-European *dewmb- (“penis, tail, rod”), whence Old High German zumpfo (“penis”), Dutch tamp (“rope end, penis”), Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬨𐬀 (duma, “penis”), Persian دُنْب (donb, “tail”). This can be related to the above by the addition of an n-infix. Alternatively, it can be explained as metathesis of the nasal from the pre-Germanic weak stem *dbʰ-nó- to *dm̥bʰ-ó- and subsequent contamination between the two stems to *dm̥bʰ-nó-, whence early Proto-Germanic *tumppaz, later *tumpaz.\nPystynen (2024) proposes borrowing from Proto-Finnic *tup'as, in which case *tuppaz would be more original than the e- and a-grade variants cited above.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tupp",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "*tumpaz",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tuppaz",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "tabbą"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "tabą"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "tappą"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "tapą"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "teppą"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"tuft, plait (of hair)"
],
"id": "en-tuppaz-gem-pro-noun-BO-ALheG",
"links": [
[
"tuft",
"tuft"
],
[
"plait",
"plait"
],
[
"hair",
"hair"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "35 65",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 76",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 72",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"top, summit"
],
"id": "en-tuppaz-gem-pro-noun-j0kVxZpR",
"links": [
[
"top",
"top"
],
[
"summit",
"summit"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtup.pɑz/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Germanic parent language"
],
"word": "tuppaz"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms borrowed from Proto-Finnic",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Finnic",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms with unknown etymologies",
"Requests for date"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "tuppijaną"
},
{
"word": "tuppijô"
},
{
"word": "tuppilaz"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*topp"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *topp\nOld English: top, topp; toppa\nMiddle English: top, toppe, topp, tope, toop\nEnglish: top\n→ French: top\n→ German: Top\n→ Vietnamese: tốp\nScots: tap\nOld Frisian: topp, top\nNorth Frisian: top, tap, tup\nSaterland Frisian: Top\nWest Frisian: top; toppe\nOld Saxon: *top\nMiddle Low German: top\nLow German: Topp\n→ German: Topp\nOld Dutch: *topp, *top\nMiddle Dutch: top, topp\nDutch: top\nOld High German: zoph\nMiddle Low German: zopf\nCimbrian: sòpf\nGerman: Zopf\nHunsrik: Zopp\nLuxembourgish: Zapp\nVilamovian: cöp\nYiddish: צאָפּ (tsop)\n→ Italian: zuffa\n→ Vulgar Latin: *toppus (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *topp\nOld English: top, topp; toppa\nMiddle English: top, toppe, topp, tope, toop\nEnglish: top\n→ French: top\n→ German: Top\n→ Vietnamese: tốp\nScots: tap\nOld Frisian: topp, top\nNorth Frisian: top, tap, tup\nSaterland Frisian: Top\nWest Frisian: top; toppe\nOld Saxon: *top\nMiddle Low German: top\nLow German: Topp\n→ German: Topp\nOld Dutch: *topp, *top\nMiddle Dutch: top, topp\nDutch: top\nOld High German: zoph\nMiddle Low German: zopf\nCimbrian: sòpf\nGerman: Zopf\nHunsrik: Zopp\nLuxembourgish: Zapp\nVilamovian: cöp\nYiddish: צאָפּ (tsop)\n→ Italian: zuffa\n→ Vulgar Latin: *toppus (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "toppr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: toppr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: toppr"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "toppur"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: toppur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: toppur"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "toppur"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: toppur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: toppur"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "topp"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian: topp",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian: topp"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "topper",
"3": "tupper"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: topper, tupper",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: topper, tupper"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "topp"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: topp\n→ Finnish: toppa (“pile, heap; cylindrical container”)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: topp\n→ Finnish: toppa (“pile, heap; cylindrical container”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-oda",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Danish:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Danish:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "top"
},
"expansion": "Danish: top",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danish: top"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"id": "top"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "zepfo"
},
"expansion": "Old High German zepfo",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "tæppa",
"t": "strip of cloth"
},
"expansion": "Old English tæppa (“strip of cloth”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "tave",
"t": "piece of cloth"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian tave (“piece of cloth”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dewmb-",
"t": "penis, tail, rod"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dewmb- (“penis, tail, rod”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "zumpfo",
"t": "penis"
},
"expansion": "Old High German zumpfo (“penis”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "tamp",
"t": "rope end, penis"
},
"expansion": "Dutch tamp (“rope end, penis”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬛𐬎𐬨𐬀",
"t": "penis"
},
"expansion": "Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬨𐬀 (duma, “penis”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "دُنْب",
"t": "tail",
"tr": "donb"
},
"expansion": "Persian دُنْب (donb, “tail”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "pre-Germanic",
"name": "pre-Germanic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*tumppaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *tumppaz",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "urj-fin-pro",
"3": "*tup'as"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finnic *tup'as",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Secondary formation from *tebô ~ *tappaz (“tuft, knot, peg”), whence Old High German zepfo, zapfo (“plug, peg, broom”), Old English tæppa (“strip of cloth”), Norwegian tave (“piece of cloth”), of unknown origin.\nSometimes reconstructed from earlier *tumpaz with irregular development *mp > *pp, from Proto-Indo-European *dewmb- (“penis, tail, rod”), whence Old High German zumpfo (“penis”), Dutch tamp (“rope end, penis”), Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬨𐬀 (duma, “penis”), Persian دُنْب (donb, “tail”). This can be related to the above by the addition of an n-infix. Alternatively, it can be explained as metathesis of the nasal from the pre-Germanic weak stem *dbʰ-nó- to *dm̥bʰ-ó- and subsequent contamination between the two stems to *dm̥bʰ-nó-, whence early Proto-Germanic *tumppaz, later *tumpaz.\nPystynen (2024) proposes borrowing from Proto-Finnic *tup'as, in which case *tuppaz would be more original than the e- and a-grade variants cited above.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tupp",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuppamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "*tumpaz",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tuppaz",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "tabbą"
},
{
"word": "tabą"
},
{
"word": "tappą"
},
{
"word": "tapą"
},
{
"word": "teppą"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"tuft, plait (of hair)"
],
"links": [
[
"tuft",
"tuft"
],
[
"plait",
"plait"
],
[
"hair",
"hair"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"top, summit"
],
"links": [
[
"top",
"top"
],
[
"summit",
"summit"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtup.pɑz/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Germanic parent language"
],
"word": "tuppaz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for tuppaz meaning in All languages combined (7.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-21 using wiktextract (ce0be54 and f2e72e5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.