See swammaz in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*swamm"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *swamm, *swamb\nOld English: swamm\nMiddle English: swam\n(Scots: swaam)\n(English: swamp)\nOld Frisian: *swam, *swom\nSaterland Frisian: Swom, Swam\nWest Frisian: swam\nOld Saxon: swamm, swam\nMiddle Low German: swam\nGerman Low German: Swamm\nOld Dutch: *swamm\nMiddle Dutch: swamme, swam\nDutch: zwam\nAfrikaans: swam\nOld High German: swamb, swam, swamp\nMiddle High German: swam, swamme, swamp\nBavarian: Schwåmm, Schwammerl\nGerman: Schwamm\nLuxembourgish: Schwamp\nYiddish: שוואָם (shvom), שוועמל (shveml)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *swamm, *swamb\nOld English: swamm\nMiddle English: swam\n(Scots: swaam)\n(English: swamp)\nOld Frisian: *swam, *swom\nSaterland Frisian: Swom, Swam\nWest Frisian: swam\nOld Saxon: swamm, swam\nMiddle Low German: swam\nGerman Low German: Swamm\nOld Dutch: *swamm\nMiddle Dutch: swamme, swam\nDutch: zwam\nAfrikaans: swam\nOld High German: swamb, swam, swamp\nMiddle High German: swam, swamme, swamp\nBavarian: Schwåmm, Schwammerl\nGerman: Schwamm\nLuxembourgish: Schwamp\nYiddish: שוואָם (shvom), שוועמל (shveml)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "svǫppr",
"3": "soppr",
"4": "svampr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: svǫppr, soppr, svampr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: svǫppr, soppr, svampr"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "sveppur",
"3": "svampur"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: sveppur, svampur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: sveppur, svampur"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "soppur",
"3": "svøppur",
"4": "svampur"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: soppur, svøppur, svampur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: soppur, svøppur, svampur"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "svamp",
"3": "sopp"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian: svamp, sopp",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian: svamp, sopp"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "svamper",
"3": "*sopper"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: svamper, *sopper",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: svamper, *sopper"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "svamp",
"3": "sopp"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: svamp, sopp",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: svamp, sopp"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-oda",
"2": "swamp",
"3": "*sop"
},
"expansion": "Old Danish: swamp, *sop",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Danish: swamp, *sop"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "svamp",
"3": "svomp",
"4": "sop"
},
"expansion": "Danish: svamp, svomp, sop",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danish: svamp, svomp, sop"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌼𐍃"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌼𐍃 (swamms)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌼𐍃 (swamms)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "σομφός",
"3": "",
"4": "spongy, porous (esp. of wood)"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek σομφός (somphós, “spongy, porous (esp. of wood)”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*swombʰ-",
"5": "sponge; tree-fungus"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *swombʰ- (“sponge; tree-fungus”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine"
},
"expansion": "Indo-European",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "qfa-sub"
},
"expansion": "substrate",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "wanderwort"
},
"expansion": "wanderwort",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "fungus",
"3": "",
"4": "mushroom, fungus"
},
"expansion": "Latin fungus (“mushroom, fungus”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "σπόγγος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek σπόγγος (spóngos)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "սունկն",
"3": "",
"4": "tree fungus"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian սունկն (sunkn, “tree fungus”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*gúmˀbas",
"3": "",
"4": "bulged, bloated"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *gúmˀbas (“bulged, bloated”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "gum̃bas",
"t": "bulge"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian gum̃bas (“bulge”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*gǫba",
"3": "",
"4": "fungus, mushroom; sponge; lip"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *gǫba (“fungus, mushroom; sponge; lip”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "swamb"
},
"expansion": "Old High German swamb",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "sǫppr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse sǫppr",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "p"
},
"expansion": "ᵖ",
"name": "sup"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Seemingly related to Ancient Greek σομφός (somphós, “spongy, porous (esp. of wood)”), with which it is traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *swombʰ- (“sponge; tree-fungus”), but the Greek probably cannot be of inherited Indo-European origin given its lack of the expected shift *s- > *h- (but see σῦς (sûs) for a possible exception). Likely ultimately of substrate or wanderwort origin. Such a substrate word may speculatively be related to the substrate sources of similar words in other languages, including Latin fungus (“mushroom, fungus”), Ancient Greek σπόγγος (spóngos)/σφόγγος (sphóngos, “sponge; tonsil”), Old Armenian սունկն (sunkn, “tree fungus”) and perhaps Proto-Balto-Slavic *gúmˀbas (“bulged, bloated”) (whence Lithuanian gum̃bas (“bulge”) and Proto-Slavic *gǫba (“fungus, mushroom; sponge; lip”)), which cannot be reconciled in terms of Proto-Indo-European.\nSee also *sumpaz (“swamp”). This along with the variants *swambaz (Old High German swamb) and *swampuz (Old Norse sǫppr, svǫppr, svampr) perhaps point to an original n-stem *swambô ~ *sumppaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "swammaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swammōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swammōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swamm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "swammōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "swammōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "swammą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swammanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swammas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swammis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swammǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swammai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swammamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swammō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swammamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swammaz",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "sumpaz"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "28 44 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 29 35",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 36 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"sponge"
],
"id": "en-swammaz-gem-pro-noun-RiSKxomC",
"links": [
[
"sponge",
"sponge"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "28 44 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 29 35",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 36 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"fungus, mushroom"
],
"id": "en-swammaz-gem-pro-noun-ne20CqWL",
"links": [
[
"fungus",
"fungus"
],
[
"mushroom",
"mushroom"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "28 44 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 29 35",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 36 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"swamp"
],
"id": "en-swammaz-gem-pro-noun-2DqQDELU",
"links": [
[
"swamp",
"swamp"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈswɑm.mɑz/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "swambaz"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West"
],
"word": "swampaz"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "swambô"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"alt": "whence *sumpô; *sumpaz",
"word": "swamp(p)ô"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"North"
],
"word": "swampuz"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Nicoline van der Sijs"
],
"word": "swammaz"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from substrate languages"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*swamm"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *swamm, *swamb\nOld English: swamm\nMiddle English: swam\n(Scots: swaam)\n(English: swamp)\nOld Frisian: *swam, *swom\nSaterland Frisian: Swom, Swam\nWest Frisian: swam\nOld Saxon: swamm, swam\nMiddle Low German: swam\nGerman Low German: Swamm\nOld Dutch: *swamm\nMiddle Dutch: swamme, swam\nDutch: zwam\nAfrikaans: swam\nOld High German: swamb, swam, swamp\nMiddle High German: swam, swamme, swamp\nBavarian: Schwåmm, Schwammerl\nGerman: Schwamm\nLuxembourgish: Schwamp\nYiddish: שוואָם (shvom), שוועמל (shveml)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *swamm, *swamb\nOld English: swamm\nMiddle English: swam\n(Scots: swaam)\n(English: swamp)\nOld Frisian: *swam, *swom\nSaterland Frisian: Swom, Swam\nWest Frisian: swam\nOld Saxon: swamm, swam\nMiddle Low German: swam\nGerman Low German: Swamm\nOld Dutch: *swamm\nMiddle Dutch: swamme, swam\nDutch: zwam\nAfrikaans: swam\nOld High German: swamb, swam, swamp\nMiddle High German: swam, swamme, swamp\nBavarian: Schwåmm, Schwammerl\nGerman: Schwamm\nLuxembourgish: Schwamp\nYiddish: שוואָם (shvom), שוועמל (shveml)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "svǫppr",
"3": "soppr",
"4": "svampr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: svǫppr, soppr, svampr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: svǫppr, soppr, svampr"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "sveppur",
"3": "svampur"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: sveppur, svampur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: sveppur, svampur"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "soppur",
"3": "svøppur",
"4": "svampur"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: soppur, svøppur, svampur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: soppur, svøppur, svampur"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "svamp",
"3": "sopp"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian: svamp, sopp",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian: svamp, sopp"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "svamper",
"3": "*sopper"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish: svamper, *sopper",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Swedish: svamper, *sopper"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "svamp",
"3": "sopp"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: svamp, sopp",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: svamp, sopp"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-oda",
"2": "swamp",
"3": "*sop"
},
"expansion": "Old Danish: swamp, *sop",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Danish: swamp, *sop"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "svamp",
"3": "svomp",
"4": "sop"
},
"expansion": "Danish: svamp, svomp, sop",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danish: svamp, svomp, sop"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌼𐍃"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌼𐍃 (swamms)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰𐌼𐌼𐍃 (swamms)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "σομφός",
"3": "",
"4": "spongy, porous (esp. of wood)"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek σομφός (somphós, “spongy, porous (esp. of wood)”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*swombʰ-",
"5": "sponge; tree-fungus"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *swombʰ- (“sponge; tree-fungus”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine"
},
"expansion": "Indo-European",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "qfa-sub"
},
"expansion": "substrate",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "wanderwort"
},
"expansion": "wanderwort",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "fungus",
"3": "",
"4": "mushroom, fungus"
},
"expansion": "Latin fungus (“mushroom, fungus”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "σπόγγος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek σπόγγος (spóngos)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "սունկն",
"3": "",
"4": "tree fungus"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian սունկն (sunkn, “tree fungus”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*gúmˀbas",
"3": "",
"4": "bulged, bloated"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *gúmˀbas (“bulged, bloated”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "gum̃bas",
"t": "bulge"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian gum̃bas (“bulge”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*gǫba",
"3": "",
"4": "fungus, mushroom; sponge; lip"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *gǫba (“fungus, mushroom; sponge; lip”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "swamb"
},
"expansion": "Old High German swamb",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "sǫppr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse sǫppr",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "p"
},
"expansion": "ᵖ",
"name": "sup"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Seemingly related to Ancient Greek σομφός (somphós, “spongy, porous (esp. of wood)”), with which it is traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *swombʰ- (“sponge; tree-fungus”), but the Greek probably cannot be of inherited Indo-European origin given its lack of the expected shift *s- > *h- (but see σῦς (sûs) for a possible exception). Likely ultimately of substrate or wanderwort origin. Such a substrate word may speculatively be related to the substrate sources of similar words in other languages, including Latin fungus (“mushroom, fungus”), Ancient Greek σπόγγος (spóngos)/σφόγγος (sphóngos, “sponge; tonsil”), Old Armenian սունկն (sunkn, “tree fungus”) and perhaps Proto-Balto-Slavic *gúmˀbas (“bulged, bloated”) (whence Lithuanian gum̃bas (“bulge”) and Proto-Slavic *gǫba (“fungus, mushroom; sponge; lip”)), which cannot be reconciled in terms of Proto-Indo-European.\nSee also *sumpaz (“swamp”). This along with the variants *swambaz (Old High German swamb) and *swampuz (Old Norse sǫppr, svǫppr, svampr) perhaps point to an original n-stem *swambô ~ *sumppaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "swammaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swammōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swammōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swamm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "swammōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "swammōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "swammą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swammanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swammas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swammis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swammǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swammai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swammamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "swammō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "swammamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swammaz",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "sumpaz"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"sponge"
],
"links": [
[
"sponge",
"sponge"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"fungus, mushroom"
],
"links": [
[
"fungus",
"fungus"
],
[
"mushroom",
"mushroom"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"swamp"
],
"links": [
[
"swamp",
"swamp"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈswɑm.mɑz/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "swambaz"
},
{
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West"
],
"word": "swampaz"
},
{
"word": "swambô"
},
{
"alt": "whence *sumpô; *sumpaz",
"word": "swamp(p)ô"
},
{
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"North"
],
"word": "swampuz"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Nicoline van der Sijs"
],
"word": "swammaz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for swammaz meaning in Proto-Germanic (8.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.