See speru in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*speru",
"3": "*spiri",
"4": "*spari"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *speru, *spiri, *spari",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *speru, *spiri, *spari"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "spere"
},
"expansion": "Old English: spere",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: spere"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "spere"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: spere",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: spere"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "spere",
"3": "speir"
},
"expansion": "Scots: spere, speir",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: spere, speir"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "spear"
},
"expansion": "English: spear",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: spear"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "spere",
"3": "spiri",
"4": "sper"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: spere, spiri, sper",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: spere, spiri, sper"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Speer"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Speer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: Speer"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "spear"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: spear",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: spear"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "sper"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: sper",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: sper"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "sper"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: sper",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: sper"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "Speer"
},
"expansion": "Low German: Speer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: Speer"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*speru",
"3": "*sper"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *speru, *sper",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *speru, *sper"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "spēre",
"3": "sper"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: spēre, sper",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: spēre, sper"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "speer"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: speer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: speer"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "speer"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans: speer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Afrikaans: speer"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "sper"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: sper",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: sper"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "sper"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: sper",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: sper"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Speer"
},
"expansion": "German: Speer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Speer"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "Speer"
},
"expansion": "Luxembourgish: Speer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Luxembourgish: Speer"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "spjǫr",
"3": "spjǫrr",
"4": "spǫrr",
"5": "sparr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: spjǫr, spjǫrr, spǫrr, sparr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: spjǫr, spjǫrr, spǫrr, sparr"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "spjör",
"3": "sparr"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: spjör, sparr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: spjör, sparr"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*sperH-",
"t": "spear; a kind of tree"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *sperH- (“spear; a kind of tree”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "sparus",
"t": "hunting spear"
},
"expansion": "Latin sparus (“hunting spear”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "shpardh",
"t": "Italian oak"
},
"expansion": "Albanian shpardh (“Italian oak”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Pre-Germanic *sperHu-, from Proto-Indo-European *sperH- (“spear; a kind of tree”). Cognate with Latin sparus (“hunting spear”), Albanian shpardh (“Italian oak”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "u-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "speru",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sperū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "speru",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "sperū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "speru",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sperū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sperauz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "spiriwǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "spiriwi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sperumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sperū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sperumiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "*sperru",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "*sparu",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/speru",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"spear"
],
"id": "en-speru-gem-pro-noun-jyzJNrGW",
"links": [
[
"spear",
"spear"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "sparrô"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*angô"
},
{
"word": "*darōþuz"
},
{
"word": "*frankô"
},
{
"word": "*gaizaz"
},
{
"word": "*speutaz"
}
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈspe.ru/"
}
],
"word": "speru"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*speru",
"3": "*spiri",
"4": "*spari"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *speru, *spiri, *spari",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *speru, *spiri, *spari"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "spere"
},
"expansion": "Old English: spere",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: spere"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "spere"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: spere",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: spere"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "spere",
"3": "speir"
},
"expansion": "Scots: spere, speir",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: spere, speir"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "spear"
},
"expansion": "English: spear",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: spear"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "spere",
"3": "spiri",
"4": "sper"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: spere, spiri, sper",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: spere, spiri, sper"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Speer"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Speer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: Speer"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "spear"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: spear",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: spear"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "sper"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: sper",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: sper"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "sper"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: sper",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: sper"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "Speer"
},
"expansion": "Low German: Speer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Low German: Speer"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*speru",
"3": "*sper"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *speru, *sper",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *speru, *sper"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "spēre",
"3": "sper"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: spēre, sper",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: spēre, sper"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "speer"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: speer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: speer"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "speer"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans: speer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Afrikaans: speer"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "sper"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: sper",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: sper"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "sper"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: sper",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: sper"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Speer"
},
"expansion": "German: Speer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Speer"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "Speer"
},
"expansion": "Luxembourgish: Speer",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Luxembourgish: Speer"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "spjǫr",
"3": "spjǫrr",
"4": "spǫrr",
"5": "sparr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: spjǫr, spjǫrr, spǫrr, sparr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: spjǫr, spjǫrr, spǫrr, sparr"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "spjör",
"3": "sparr"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: spjör, sparr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: spjör, sparr"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*sperH-",
"t": "spear; a kind of tree"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *sperH- (“spear; a kind of tree”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "sparus",
"t": "hunting spear"
},
"expansion": "Latin sparus (“hunting spear”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "shpardh",
"t": "Italian oak"
},
"expansion": "Albanian shpardh (“Italian oak”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Pre-Germanic *sperHu-, from Proto-Indo-European *sperH- (“spear; a kind of tree”). Cognate with Latin sparus (“hunting spear”), Albanian shpardh (“Italian oak”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "u-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "speru",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sperū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "speru",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "sperū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "speru",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sperū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sperauz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "spiriwǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "spiriwi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sperumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sperū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "sperumiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "*sperru",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "*sparu",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/speru",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "sparrô"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic neuter nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic u-stem nouns",
"gem-pro:Tools",
"gem-pro:Weapons"
],
"glosses": [
"spear"
],
"links": [
[
"spear",
"spear"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*angô"
},
{
"word": "*darōþuz"
},
{
"word": "*frankô"
},
{
"word": "*gaizaz"
},
{
"word": "*speutaz"
}
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈspe.ru/"
}
],
"word": "speru"
}
Download raw JSONL data for speru meaning in Proto-Germanic (6.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-13 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-04-03 using wiktextract (aeaf2a1 and fb63907). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.