See rattaz in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*ratt"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *ratt",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *ratt; *ratō"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "rætt"
},
"expansion": "Old English: rætt\nMiddle English: ratte, rotte, rat\nEnglish: rat\nScots: ratt, rat",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: rætt\nMiddle English: ratte, rotte, rat\nEnglish: rat\nScots: ratt, rat"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "*rat"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: *rat",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: *rat"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "root"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian: root",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "North Frisian: root"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "rôt"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: rôt",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: rôt"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*rato",
"3": "*roto"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *rato, *roto",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *rato, *roto"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "ratte"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: ratte\nDutch: rat\nAfrikaans: rot\nJersey Dutch: rot\nNegerhollands: rotto, roto\n→ Virgin Islands Creole: roto (dated)\n→? Kari'na: alata (via Sranantongo, possibly from Spanish)\n→? Saramaccan: alátu (possibly from Spanish)\nLimburgish: rat",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: ratte\nDutch: rat\nAfrikaans: rot\nJersey Dutch: rot\nNegerhollands: rotto, roto\n→ Virgin Islands Creole: roto (dated)\n→? Kari'na: alata (via Sranantongo, possibly from Spanish)\n→? Saramaccan: alátu (possibly from Spanish)\nLimburgish: rat"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "rato"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: rato\nMiddle High German: ratte, rate\nGerman: Ratte\nLuxembourgish: Rat",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: rato\nMiddle High German: ratte, rate\nGerman: Ratte\nLuxembourgish: Rat"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "rat",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old French: rat\nMiddle French: rat\nFrench: rat\nNorman: rat",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Old French: rat\nMiddle French: rat\nFrench: rat\nNorman: rat"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "VL.",
"2": "rattus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Vulgar Latin: rattus, ratus\nCatalan: rata\nGalician: rato\nItalian: ratto\nOld French: rat, rate\nMiddle French: rat\nFrench: rat\nPortuguese: rato\nSpanish: rata, rato, ⇒ ratón\nTranslingual: Rattus, Rattus rattus",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Vulgar Latin: rattus, ratus\nCatalan: rata\nGalician: rato\nItalian: ratto\nOld French: rat, rate\nMiddle French: rat\nFrench: rat\nPortuguese: rato\nSpanish: rata, rato, ⇒ ratón\nTranslingual: Rattus, Rattus rattus"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*reh₁d-",
"4": "",
"5": "to scrape, gnaw, scratch"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *reh₁d- (“to scrape, gnaw, scratch”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rōdō"
},
"expansion": "Latin rōdō",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rādō"
},
"expansion": "Latin rādō",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "qfa-sub"
},
"expansion": "substrate",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "rate"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German rate",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The origin of this word (and the related *rattō) is uncertain. It may derive from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁d- (“to scrape, gnaw, scratch”) (whence e.g. Latin rōdō and Latin rādō), but this is disputed, and Klein says that such a connection does not exist. The word may also go back to an unknown substrate language. Kroonen notes that consonant variation is high in descendant languages, especially in the High German dialects (Middle High German rate, radde, ratte, ratze). Older etymological sources explained the Germanic words as borrowings from Romance, but it is now accepted that this is not the case; Kroonen even asserts that the Romance (and Celtic) words must be borrowed from Germanic. He considers it plausible, however—especially considering dialectal Ratz/Ratze (“polecat”)—that the Germanic word originally referred to a different animal. The rat itself may have been unknown in Europe at a Proto-Germanic date.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "rattaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rattōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rattōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ratt",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rattōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rattōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rattą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rattanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rattas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rattis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rattǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rattai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rattamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rattō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rattamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rattaz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"rat"
],
"id": "en-rattaz-gem-pro-noun-mVDOwkbs",
"links": [
[
"rat",
"rat"
]
],
"related": [
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "rattō"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈrɑt.tɑz/"
}
],
"word": "rattaz"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*ratt"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *ratt",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *ratt; *ratō"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "rætt"
},
"expansion": "Old English: rætt\nMiddle English: ratte, rotte, rat\nEnglish: rat\nScots: ratt, rat",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old English: rætt\nMiddle English: ratte, rotte, rat\nEnglish: rat\nScots: ratt, rat"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "*rat"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: *rat",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: *rat"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "root"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian: root",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "North Frisian: root"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "rôt"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: rôt",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: rôt"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*rato",
"3": "*roto"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *rato, *roto",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *rato, *roto"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "ratte"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: ratte\nDutch: rat\nAfrikaans: rot\nJersey Dutch: rot\nNegerhollands: rotto, roto\n→ Virgin Islands Creole: roto (dated)\n→? Kari'na: alata (via Sranantongo, possibly from Spanish)\n→? Saramaccan: alátu (possibly from Spanish)\nLimburgish: rat",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: ratte\nDutch: rat\nAfrikaans: rot\nJersey Dutch: rot\nNegerhollands: rotto, roto\n→ Virgin Islands Creole: roto (dated)\n→? Kari'na: alata (via Sranantongo, possibly from Spanish)\n→? Saramaccan: alátu (possibly from Spanish)\nLimburgish: rat"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "rato"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: rato\nMiddle High German: ratte, rate\nGerman: Ratte\nLuxembourgish: Rat",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: rato\nMiddle High German: ratte, rate\nGerman: Ratte\nLuxembourgish: Rat"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "rat",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Old French: rat\nMiddle French: rat\nFrench: rat\nNorman: rat",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Old French: rat\nMiddle French: rat\nFrench: rat\nNorman: rat"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "VL.",
"2": "rattus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Vulgar Latin: rattus, ratus\nCatalan: rata\nGalician: rato\nItalian: ratto\nOld French: rat, rate\nMiddle French: rat\nFrench: rat\nPortuguese: rato\nSpanish: rata, rato, ⇒ ratón\nTranslingual: Rattus, Rattus rattus",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Vulgar Latin: rattus, ratus\nCatalan: rata\nGalician: rato\nItalian: ratto\nOld French: rat, rate\nMiddle French: rat\nFrench: rat\nPortuguese: rato\nSpanish: rata, rato, ⇒ ratón\nTranslingual: Rattus, Rattus rattus"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*reh₁d-",
"4": "",
"5": "to scrape, gnaw, scratch"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *reh₁d- (“to scrape, gnaw, scratch”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rōdō"
},
"expansion": "Latin rōdō",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rādō"
},
"expansion": "Latin rādō",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "qfa-sub"
},
"expansion": "substrate",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "rate"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German rate",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The origin of this word (and the related *rattō) is uncertain. It may derive from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁d- (“to scrape, gnaw, scratch”) (whence e.g. Latin rōdō and Latin rādō), but this is disputed, and Klein says that such a connection does not exist. The word may also go back to an unknown substrate language. Kroonen notes that consonant variation is high in descendant languages, especially in the High German dialects (Middle High German rate, radde, ratte, ratze). Older etymological sources explained the Germanic words as borrowings from Romance, but it is now accepted that this is not the case; Kroonen even asserts that the Romance (and Celtic) words must be borrowed from Germanic. He considers it plausible, however—especially considering dialectal Ratz/Ratze (“polecat”)—that the Germanic word originally referred to a different animal. The rat itself may have been unknown in Europe at a Proto-Germanic date.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "rattaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rattōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rattōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ratt",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rattōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rattōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rattą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rattanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rattas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rattis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rattǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rattai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rattamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rattō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rattamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rattaz",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "rattō"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from substrate languages",
"Proto-Germanic terms with unknown etymologies"
],
"glosses": [
"rat"
],
"links": [
[
"rat",
"rat"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈrɑt.tɑz/"
}
],
"word": "rattaz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for rattaz meaning in Proto-Germanic (6.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.