"rattaz" meaning in Proto-Germanic

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmw-pro",
            "2": "*ratt"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *ratt",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-West Germanic: *ratt; *ratō"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ang",
            "2": "rætt"
          },
          "expansion": "Old English: rætt\nMiddle English: ratte, rotte, rat\nEnglish: rat\nScots: ratt, rat",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old English: rætt\nMiddle English: ratte, rotte, rat\nEnglish: rat\nScots: ratt, rat"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ofs",
            "2": "*rat"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Frisian: *rat",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Frisian: *rat"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "frr",
            "2": "root"
          },
          "expansion": "North Frisian: root",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "North Frisian: root"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fy",
            "2": "rôt"
          },
          "expansion": "West Frisian: rôt",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "West Frisian: rôt"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "odt",
            "2": "*rato",
            "3": "*roto"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Dutch: *rato, *roto",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Dutch: *rato, *roto"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dum",
            "2": "ratte"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle Dutch: ratte\nDutch: rat, rot (Northern Dutch, dialectal)\nAfrikaans: rot\nJersey Dutch: rot\nNegerhollands: rotto, roto\n→ Virgin Islands Creole: roto (dated)\n→? Kari'na: alata (via Sranantongo, possibly from Spanish)\n→? Saramaccan: alátu (possibly from Spanish)\nLimburgish: rat",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle Dutch: ratte\nDutch: rat, rot (Northern Dutch, dialectal)\nAfrikaans: rot\nJersey Dutch: rot\nNegerhollands: rotto, roto\n→ Virgin Islands Creole: roto (dated)\n→? Kari'na: alata (via Sranantongo, possibly from Spanish)\n→? Saramaccan: alátu (possibly from Spanish)\nLimburgish: rat"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "goh",
            "2": "rato"
          },
          "expansion": "Old High German: rato\nMiddle High German: ratte, rate\nGerman: Ratte\nLuxembourgish: Rat",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old High German: rato\nMiddle High German: ratte, rate\nGerman: Ratte\nLuxembourgish: Rat"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fro",
            "2": "rat",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old French: rat\nMiddle French: rat\nFrench: rat\nNorman: rat",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old French: rat\nMiddle French: rat\nFrench: rat\nNorman: rat"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "VL.",
            "2": "rattus",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Vulgar Latin: rattus, ratus\nAsturian: ratu\nCatalan: rata\nGalician: rato\nItalian: ratto\nOld French: rat, rate\nMiddle French: rat\nFrench: rat\nPortuguese: rato\nSpanish: rata, rato, ⇒ ratón\nTranslingual: Rattus, Rattus rattus",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Vulgar Latin: rattus, ratus\nAsturian: ratu\nCatalan: rata\nGalician: rato\nItalian: ratto\nOld French: rat, rate\nMiddle French: rat\nFrench: rat\nPortuguese: rato\nSpanish: rata, rato, ⇒ ratón\nTranslingual: Rattus, Rattus rattus"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "nocap": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "uncertain",
      "name": "unc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*reh₁d-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to scrape, gnaw, scratch"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *reh₁d- (“to scrape, gnaw, scratch”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "rōdō"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin rōdō",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "rādō"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin rādō",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cy",
        "2": "rhathu",
        "t": "to scrape; to chafe"
      },
      "expansion": "Welsh rhathu (“to scrape; to chafe”)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-bry-pro",
        "2": "*rėθid"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *rėθid",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "*rasdeti",
        "t": "to scrape; to scratch"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *rasdeti (“to scrape; to scratch”)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "rādō",
        "t": "to scrape"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin rādō (“to scrape”)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "qfa-sub"
      },
      "expansion": "substrate",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmh",
        "2": "rate"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle High German rate",
      "name": "m+"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "The origin of this word (and the related *rattō) is uncertain. It may derive from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁d- (“to scrape, gnaw, scratch”) (whence e.g. Latin rōdō and probably also, but more indirectly, Latin rādō), but this is disputed, and Klein says that such a connection does not exist. In view of Welsh rhathu (“to scrape; to chafe”) (via Proto-Brythonic *rėθid and earlier *ratteti from Proto-Celtic *rasdeti (“to scrape; to scratch”), cognate with Latin rādō (“to scrape”)), an ancient Celtic derivative noun like *rattos could conceivably be the source. The word may also go back to an unknown substrate language.\nKroonen notes that consonant variation is high in descendant languages, especially in the High German dialects (Middle High German rate, radde, ratte, ratze). Older etymological sources explained the Germanic words as borrowings from Romance, but it is now accepted that this is not the case; Kroonen even asserts that the Romance (and Celtic) words must be borrowed from Germanic. He considers it plausible, however—especially considering dialectal Ratz/Ratze (“polecat”)—that the Germanic word originally referred to a different animal. The rat itself may have been unknown in Europe at a Proto-Germanic date.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gem-decl-noun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattōs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ratt",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattōs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattą",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattanz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattis",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattamaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattamiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "gem-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gem-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rattaz",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "rat"
      ],
      "id": "en-rattaz-gem-pro-noun-mVDOwkbs",
      "links": [
        [
          "rat",
          "rat"
        ]
      ],
      "related": [
        {
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "rattō"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈrɑt.tɑz/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "rattaz"
}

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmw-pro",
            "2": "*ratt"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *ratt",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-West Germanic: *ratt; *ratō"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ang",
            "2": "rætt"
          },
          "expansion": "Old English: rætt\nMiddle English: ratte, rotte, rat\nEnglish: rat\nScots: ratt, rat",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old English: rætt\nMiddle English: ratte, rotte, rat\nEnglish: rat\nScots: ratt, rat"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ofs",
            "2": "*rat"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Frisian: *rat",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Frisian: *rat"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "frr",
            "2": "root"
          },
          "expansion": "North Frisian: root",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "North Frisian: root"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fy",
            "2": "rôt"
          },
          "expansion": "West Frisian: rôt",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "West Frisian: rôt"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "odt",
            "2": "*rato",
            "3": "*roto"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Dutch: *rato, *roto",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Dutch: *rato, *roto"
    },
    {
      "depth": 3,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "dum",
            "2": "ratte"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle Dutch: ratte\nDutch: rat, rot (Northern Dutch, dialectal)\nAfrikaans: rot\nJersey Dutch: rot\nNegerhollands: rotto, roto\n→ Virgin Islands Creole: roto (dated)\n→? Kari'na: alata (via Sranantongo, possibly from Spanish)\n→? Saramaccan: alátu (possibly from Spanish)\nLimburgish: rat",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle Dutch: ratte\nDutch: rat, rot (Northern Dutch, dialectal)\nAfrikaans: rot\nJersey Dutch: rot\nNegerhollands: rotto, roto\n→ Virgin Islands Creole: roto (dated)\n→? Kari'na: alata (via Sranantongo, possibly from Spanish)\n→? Saramaccan: alátu (possibly from Spanish)\nLimburgish: rat"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "goh",
            "2": "rato"
          },
          "expansion": "Old High German: rato\nMiddle High German: ratte, rate\nGerman: Ratte\nLuxembourgish: Rat",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old High German: rato\nMiddle High German: ratte, rate\nGerman: Ratte\nLuxembourgish: Rat"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "fro",
            "2": "rat",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Old French: rat\nMiddle French: rat\nFrench: rat\nNorman: rat",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Old French: rat\nMiddle French: rat\nFrench: rat\nNorman: rat"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "VL.",
            "2": "rattus",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Vulgar Latin: rattus, ratus\nAsturian: ratu\nCatalan: rata\nGalician: rato\nItalian: ratto\nOld French: rat, rate\nMiddle French: rat\nFrench: rat\nPortuguese: rato\nSpanish: rata, rato, ⇒ ratón\nTranslingual: Rattus, Rattus rattus",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Vulgar Latin: rattus, ratus\nAsturian: ratu\nCatalan: rata\nGalician: rato\nItalian: ratto\nOld French: rat, rate\nMiddle French: rat\nFrench: rat\nPortuguese: rato\nSpanish: rata, rato, ⇒ ratón\nTranslingual: Rattus, Rattus rattus"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "nocap": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "uncertain",
      "name": "unc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*reh₁d-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to scrape, gnaw, scratch"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *reh₁d- (“to scrape, gnaw, scratch”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "rōdō"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin rōdō",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "rādō"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin rādō",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cy",
        "2": "rhathu",
        "t": "to scrape; to chafe"
      },
      "expansion": "Welsh rhathu (“to scrape; to chafe”)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-bry-pro",
        "2": "*rėθid"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *rėθid",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cel-pro",
        "2": "*rasdeti",
        "t": "to scrape; to scratch"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *rasdeti (“to scrape; to scratch”)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "rādō",
        "t": "to scrape"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin rādō (“to scrape”)",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "qfa-sub"
      },
      "expansion": "substrate",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gmh",
        "2": "rate"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle High German rate",
      "name": "m+"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "The origin of this word (and the related *rattō) is uncertain. It may derive from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁d- (“to scrape, gnaw, scratch”) (whence e.g. Latin rōdō and probably also, but more indirectly, Latin rādō), but this is disputed, and Klein says that such a connection does not exist. In view of Welsh rhathu (“to scrape; to chafe”) (via Proto-Brythonic *rėθid and earlier *ratteti from Proto-Celtic *rasdeti (“to scrape; to scratch”), cognate with Latin rādō (“to scrape”)), an ancient Celtic derivative noun like *rattos could conceivably be the source. The word may also go back to an unknown substrate language.\nKroonen notes that consonant variation is high in descendant languages, especially in the High German dialects (Middle High German rate, radde, ratte, ratze). Older etymological sources explained the Germanic words as borrowings from Romance, but it is now accepted that this is not the case; Kroonen even asserts that the Romance (and Celtic) words must be borrowed from Germanic. He considers it plausible, however—especially considering dialectal Ratz/Ratze (“polecat”)—that the Germanic word originally referred to a different animal. The rat itself may have been unknown in Europe at a Proto-Germanic date.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gem-decl-noun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "a-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattōs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ratt",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattōs",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattą",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattanz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattas",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattis",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattai",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattamaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "rattamiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "gem-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gem-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rattaz",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "rattō"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Pages with 1 entry",
        "Pages with entries",
        "Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
        "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
        "Proto-Germanic lemmas",
        "Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
        "Proto-Germanic nouns",
        "Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Proto-Germanic terms derived from substrate languages",
        "Proto-Germanic terms with unknown etymologies"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "rat"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "rat",
          "rat"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈrɑt.tɑz/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "rattaz"
}