See rūnō in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "letter (of an alphabet)",
"word": "stabaz"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "garūniją"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "confidant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "garūnô"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*rūnu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *rūnu\nOld English: rūn\nMiddle English: roun\nScots: rune, roun, round\nEnglish: roun, round\nOld Saxon: rūna\nMiddle Low German: rûne, rune\nOld Dutch: *rūna\nMiddle Dutch: rune, ruun, ruen; (alruna, alrune)\n(Dutch: alruin)\nOld High German: rūna\nMiddle High German: rūne\nGerman: Raune, Rune",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *rūnu\nOld English: rūn\nMiddle English: roun\nScots: rune, roun, round\nEnglish: roun, round\nOld Saxon: rūna\nMiddle Low German: rûne, rune\nOld Dutch: *rūna\nMiddle Dutch: rune, ruun, ruen; (alruna, alrune)\n(Dutch: alruin)\nOld High German: rūna\nMiddle High German: rūne\nGerman: Raune, Rune"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-pro",
"2": "ᚱᚢᚾᛟ",
"qq": "accusative singular",
"tr": "rūnō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Norse: ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (rūnō) (accusative singular)\nOld Norse: rún, ᚱᚢᚾ (run), ᚱᚢᚾᛅᛦ (runaʀ), ᚱᚢᚾᛁᛦ (runiʀ), ᚱᚢᚾᚬᛦ (runąʀ)\nIcelandic: rún f\nFaroese: rún f\nNorwegian Nynorsk: run f, runer f pl (← rúnir); (dialectal) rón f, rjón n\nOld Swedish: rūn, rūna\nSwedish: runa c or f\nOld Danish: rune\nDanish: rune c (partially through artificial revival), runer pl\nNorwegian Bokmål: rune m or f\n→ Norwegian Nynorsk: rune f, runa f\n→ German: Rune f\n→ Dutch: rune\n→ English: rune\n→ Mandarin: 盧恩／卢恩 (lú'ēn)\n→ Finnish: runo\n→ Swedish: runa c or f, runo c or f",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Norse: ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (rūnō) (accusative singular)\nOld Norse: rún, ᚱᚢᚾ (run), ᚱᚢᚾᛅᛦ (runaʀ), ᚱᚢᚾᛁᛦ (runiʀ), ᚱᚢᚾᚬᛦ (runąʀ)\nIcelandic: rún f\nFaroese: rún f\nNorwegian Nynorsk: run f, runer f pl (← rúnir); (dialectal) rón f, rjón n\nOld Swedish: rūn, rūna\nSwedish: runa c or f\nOld Danish: rune\nDanish: rune c (partially through artificial revival), runer pl\nNorwegian Bokmål: rune m or f\n→ Norwegian Nynorsk: rune f, runa f\n→ German: Rune f\n→ Dutch: rune\n→ English: rune\n→ Mandarin: 盧恩／卢恩 (lú'ēn)\n→ Finnish: runo\n→ Swedish: runa c or f, runo c or f"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰",
"tr": "rūna"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰 (rūna)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰 (rūna)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*rewHn-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *rewHn-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rūmor"
},
"expansion": "Latin rūmor",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*rūnā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *rūnā",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *rewHn-, from *rewH-, *rēwH- (“to roar; grumble; murmur; mumble; whisper”). Compare Latin rūmor. Possibly a borrowing either from Proto-Celtic *rūnā or from the same source as it.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ō-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōmiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rūnō",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "raunō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "raunijaną"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "rūnijaną"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"secret, mystery"
],
"id": "en-rūnō-gem-pro-noun-AXwCi3fC",
"links": [
[
"secret",
"secret"
],
[
"mystery",
"mystery"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 91",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 96",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 98",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inscription written with runes (letters of the Germanic runic alphabet)"
],
"id": "en-rūnō-gem-pro-noun-Rj7T9oVc",
"links": [
[
"inscription",
"inscription"
],
[
"runes",
"rune"
],
[
"runic",
"runic"
],
[
"alphabet",
"alphabet"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈruː.nɔː/"
}
],
"word": "rūnō"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms borrowed from Proto-Celtic",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic ō-stem nouns",
"gem-pro:Writing"
],
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"english": "letter (of an alphabet)",
"word": "stabaz"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "garūniją"
},
{
"english": "confidant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "garūnô"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*rūnu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *rūnu\nOld English: rūn\nMiddle English: roun\nScots: rune, roun, round\nEnglish: roun, round\nOld Saxon: rūna\nMiddle Low German: rûne, rune\nOld Dutch: *rūna\nMiddle Dutch: rune, ruun, ruen; (alruna, alrune)\n(Dutch: alruin)\nOld High German: rūna\nMiddle High German: rūne\nGerman: Raune, Rune",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *rūnu\nOld English: rūn\nMiddle English: roun\nScots: rune, roun, round\nEnglish: roun, round\nOld Saxon: rūna\nMiddle Low German: rûne, rune\nOld Dutch: *rūna\nMiddle Dutch: rune, ruun, ruen; (alruna, alrune)\n(Dutch: alruin)\nOld High German: rūna\nMiddle High German: rūne\nGerman: Raune, Rune"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-pro",
"2": "ᚱᚢᚾᛟ",
"qq": "accusative singular",
"tr": "rūnō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Norse: ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (rūnō) (accusative singular)\nOld Norse: rún, ᚱᚢᚾ (run), ᚱᚢᚾᛅᛦ (runaʀ), ᚱᚢᚾᛁᛦ (runiʀ), ᚱᚢᚾᚬᛦ (runąʀ)\nIcelandic: rún f\nFaroese: rún f\nNorwegian Nynorsk: run f, runer f pl (← rúnir); (dialectal) rón f, rjón n\nOld Swedish: rūn, rūna\nSwedish: runa c or f\nOld Danish: rune\nDanish: rune c (partially through artificial revival), runer pl\nNorwegian Bokmål: rune m or f\n→ Norwegian Nynorsk: rune f, runa f\n→ German: Rune f\n→ Dutch: rune\n→ English: rune\n→ Mandarin: 盧恩／卢恩 (lú'ēn)\n→ Finnish: runo\n→ Swedish: runa c or f, runo c or f",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Norse: ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (rūnō) (accusative singular)\nOld Norse: rún, ᚱᚢᚾ (run), ᚱᚢᚾᛅᛦ (runaʀ), ᚱᚢᚾᛁᛦ (runiʀ), ᚱᚢᚾᚬᛦ (runąʀ)\nIcelandic: rún f\nFaroese: rún f\nNorwegian Nynorsk: run f, runer f pl (← rúnir); (dialectal) rón f, rjón n\nOld Swedish: rūn, rūna\nSwedish: runa c or f\nOld Danish: rune\nDanish: rune c (partially through artificial revival), runer pl\nNorwegian Bokmål: rune m or f\n→ Norwegian Nynorsk: rune f, runa f\n→ German: Rune f\n→ Dutch: rune\n→ English: rune\n→ Mandarin: 盧恩／卢恩 (lú'ēn)\n→ Finnish: runo\n→ Swedish: runa c or f, runo c or f"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰",
"tr": "rūna"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰 (rūna)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: 𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌰 (rūna)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*rewHn-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *rewHn-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rūmor"
},
"expansion": "Latin rūmor",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*rūnā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *rūnā",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *rewHn-, from *rewH-, *rēwH- (“to roar; grumble; murmur; mumble; whisper”). Compare Latin rūmor. Possibly a borrowing either from Proto-Celtic *rūnā or from the same source as it.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ō-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnōmiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rūnō",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "raunō"
},
{
"word": "raunijaną"
},
{
"word": "rūnijaną"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"secret, mystery"
],
"links": [
[
"secret",
"secret"
],
[
"mystery",
"mystery"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"inscription written with runes (letters of the Germanic runic alphabet)"
],
"links": [
[
"inscription",
"inscription"
],
[
"runes",
"rune"
],
[
"runic",
"runic"
],
[
"alphabet",
"alphabet"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈruː.nɔː/"
}
],
"word": "rūnō"
}
Download raw JSONL data for rūnō meaning in Proto-Germanic (5.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.