See pōlaz in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*pōl"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *pōl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *pōl"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "pōl"
},
"expansion": "Old English: pōl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: pōl"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "pol",
"3": "pole",
"4": "pool"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: pol, pole, pool",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: pol, pole, pool"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "pool"
},
"expansion": "English: pool",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: pool"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "pule",
"3": "puil",
"4": "peel"
},
"expansion": "Scots: pule, puil, peel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: pule, puil, peel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "pōl"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: pōl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: pōl"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Pol",
"3": "Poul"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Pol, Poul",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: Pol, Poul"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "poel"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: poel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: poel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "*pōl"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: *pōl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: *pōl"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "pôl",
"3": "pûl"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: pôl, pûl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: pôl, pûl"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "Pool",
"3": "Pohl",
"4": "Puhl"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: Pool, Pohl, Puhl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: Pool, Pohl, Puhl"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "pøl",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian: pøl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian: pøl"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "pöl",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Swedish: pöl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Swedish: pöl"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "pøl",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Danish: pøl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Danish: pøl"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "puol"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: puol",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: puol"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "poel"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: poel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: poel"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "poel"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: poel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: poel"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "poel"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans: poel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Afrikaans: poel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "pfuol",
"3": "phuol"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: pfuol, phuol",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: pfuol, phuol"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "phuol"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: phuol",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: phuol"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Pfuhl"
},
"expansion": "German: Pfuhl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Pfuhl"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hrx",
"2": "Puhl"
},
"expansion": "Hunsrik: Puhl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hunsrik: Puhl"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "Pull"
},
"expansion": "Luxembourgish: Pull",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Luxembourgish: Pull"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "*pœla",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Old Norse: *pœla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Old Norse: *pœla (< *pōlijǭ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "pøla"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian: pøla",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "qualifier"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian: pøla (dialectal)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "pre-Germanic",
"name": "pre-Germanic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*bel-, *bal-",
"t": "bog, marsh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bel-, *bal- (“bog, marsh”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "qfa-sub",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "substrate",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*bolto",
"t": "swamp"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *bolto (“swamp”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "βάλτος",
"t": "swamp, bog"
},
"expansion": "Greek βάλτος (váltos, “swamp, bog”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "baltă",
"t": "swamp, puddle"
},
"expansion": "Romanian baltă (“swamp, puddle”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "baltë",
"t": "mud, swamp"
},
"expansion": "Albanian baltë (“mud, swamp”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*bala"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *bala",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "balà",
"t": "bog; marsh; swamp; pool"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian balà (“bog; marsh; swamp; pool”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "bala",
"3": "",
"4": "a muddy, treeless depression"
},
"expansion": "Latvian bala (“a muddy, treeless depression”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From presumed pre-Germanic *bōlos, from virtual Proto-Indo-European *bel-, *bal- (“bog, marsh”), which may be a European substrate term borrowed into multiple Indo-European branches. Potential cognates include Proto-Slavic *bolto (“swamp”), Modern Greek βάλτος (váltos, “swamp, bog”), Romanian baltă (“swamp, puddle”), Albanian baltë (“mud, swamp”), as well as Proto-Slavic *bala, *balъka (“pool; ravine”), Lithuanian balà (“bog; marsh; swamp; pool”), Latvian bala (“a muddy, treeless depression”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pōl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/pōlaz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "pōlijǭ"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pool"
],
"id": "en-pōlaz-gem-pro-noun-J8rFUDg2",
"links": [
[
"pool",
"pool"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "paliz"
},
{
"word": "pullaz"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*pullaz"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Germanic parent language"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɔː.lɑz/"
}
],
"word": "pōlaz"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "pōlijǭ"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*pōl"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *pōl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *pōl"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "pōl"
},
"expansion": "Old English: pōl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: pōl"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "pol",
"3": "pole",
"4": "pool"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: pol, pole, pool",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: pol, pole, pool"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "pool"
},
"expansion": "English: pool",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: pool"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "pule",
"3": "puil",
"4": "peel"
},
"expansion": "Scots: pule, puil, peel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: pule, puil, peel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "pōl"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: pōl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: pōl"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Pol",
"3": "Poul"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: Pol, Poul",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: Pol, Poul"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "poel"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: poel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: poel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "*pōl"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: *pōl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: *pōl"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "pôl",
"3": "pûl"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: pôl, pûl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: pôl, pûl"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "Pool",
"3": "Pohl",
"4": "Puhl"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: Pool, Pohl, Puhl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: Pool, Pohl, Puhl"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "pøl",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian: pøl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian: pøl"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "pöl",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Swedish: pöl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Swedish: pöl"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "pøl",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Danish: pøl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Danish: pøl"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "puol"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: puol",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: puol"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "poel"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: poel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: poel"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "poel"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: poel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: poel"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "poel"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans: poel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Afrikaans: poel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "pfuol",
"3": "phuol"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: pfuol, phuol",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: pfuol, phuol"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "phuol"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: phuol",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: phuol"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Pfuhl"
},
"expansion": "German: Pfuhl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Pfuhl"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hrx",
"2": "Puhl"
},
"expansion": "Hunsrik: Puhl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hunsrik: Puhl"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "Pull"
},
"expansion": "Luxembourgish: Pull",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Luxembourgish: Pull"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "*pœla",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Old Norse: *pœla",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Old Norse: *pœla (< *pōlijǭ)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "pøla"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian: pøla",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "qualifier"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian: pøla (dialectal)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "pre-Germanic",
"name": "pre-Germanic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*bel-, *bal-",
"t": "bog, marsh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bel-, *bal- (“bog, marsh”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "qfa-sub",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "substrate",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*bolto",
"t": "swamp"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *bolto (“swamp”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "βάλτος",
"t": "swamp, bog"
},
"expansion": "Greek βάλτος (váltos, “swamp, bog”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "baltă",
"t": "swamp, puddle"
},
"expansion": "Romanian baltă (“swamp, puddle”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "baltë",
"t": "mud, swamp"
},
"expansion": "Albanian baltë (“mud, swamp”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*bala"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *bala",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "balà",
"t": "bog; marsh; swamp; pool"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian balà (“bog; marsh; swamp; pool”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "bala",
"3": "",
"4": "a muddy, treeless depression"
},
"expansion": "Latvian bala (“a muddy, treeless depression”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From presumed pre-Germanic *bōlos, from virtual Proto-Indo-European *bel-, *bal- (“bog, marsh”), which may be a European substrate term borrowed into multiple Indo-European branches. Potential cognates include Proto-Slavic *bolto (“swamp”), Modern Greek βάλτος (váltos, “swamp, bog”), Romanian baltă (“swamp, puddle”), Albanian baltë (“mud, swamp”), as well as Proto-Slavic *bala, *balъka (“pool; ravine”), Lithuanian balà (“bog; marsh; swamp; pool”), Latvian bala (“a muddy, treeless depression”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pōl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pōlamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/pōlaz",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "paliz"
},
{
"word": "pullaz"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms borrowed from substrate languages",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from substrate languages",
"gem-pro:Water"
],
"glosses": [
"pool"
],
"links": [
[
"pool",
"pool"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*pullaz"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Germanic parent language"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɔː.lɑz/"
}
],
"word": "pōlaz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for pōlaz meaning in Proto-Germanic (8.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-02 using wiktextract (b81b832 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.