See meluks in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*meluk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *meluk\nOld English: meolc, meoloc, meoluc, milc\nMiddle English: milk, milke, milc, melke, melc (chiefly Kent & Southern West), mulk, mulc (chiefly Southern & Southern West)\nEnglish: milk\nScots: milk, melk, mylk\nYola: mulk\nOld Frisian: melok (all descendants are merged with molken < *mulknō)\nNorth Frisian: molke\nSaterland Frisian: Moalk, Molk\nWest Frisian: molke\nOld Saxon: miluk\nMiddle Low German: melik, melk\nDutch Low Saxon: melk\nGerman Low German: Melk\nPlautdietsch: Malkj\nOld Dutch: miluc\nMiddle Dutch: melc\nDutch: melk\nAfrikaans: melk\nBerbice Creole Dutch: meleke\nJersey Dutch: määlk\nNegerhollands: melk\n→ Aukan: meliki\n→ Caribbean Javanese: mèleg, mèrki\n→ Munsee: mălák\n→ Saramaccan: meíki\n→ Sranan Tongo: merki\n→ Kari'na: meliki\n→ Tok Pisin: melek\nLimburgish: mèlk\nOld High German: miluh\nMiddle High German: milich, milch\nAlemannic German: Möuch, Melch\nSwabian: Milk\nWalser: milch, meljch, mélläch\nBavarian: Muich, Milli, milch, milach, milich\nCimbrian: milch, milach\nHianzisch: Müli\nMòcheno: milch\nCentral Franconian:\nHunsrik: Millich\nLuxembourgish: Mëllech\nGerman: Milch\n→ Tok Pisin: milis\nRhine Franconian:\nPennsylvania German: Millich\nVilamovian: myłich\nYiddish: מילך (milkh)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *meluk\nOld English: meolc, meoloc, meoluc, milc\nMiddle English: milk, milke, milc, melke, melc (chiefly Kent & Southern West), mulk, mulc (chiefly Southern & Southern West)\nEnglish: milk\nScots: milk, melk, mylk\nYola: mulk\nOld Frisian: melok (all descendants are merged with molken < *mulknō)\nNorth Frisian: molke\nSaterland Frisian: Moalk, Molk\nWest Frisian: molke\nOld Saxon: miluk\nMiddle Low German: melik, melk\nDutch Low Saxon: melk\nGerman Low German: Melk\nPlautdietsch: Malkj\nOld Dutch: miluc\nMiddle Dutch: melc\nDutch: melk\nAfrikaans: melk\nBerbice Creole Dutch: meleke\nJersey Dutch: määlk\nNegerhollands: melk\n→ Aukan: meliki\n→ Caribbean Javanese: mèleg, mèrki\n→ Munsee: mălák\n→ Saramaccan: meíki\n→ Sranan Tongo: merki\n→ Kari'na: meliki\n→ Tok Pisin: melek\nLimburgish: mèlk\nOld High German: miluh\nMiddle High German: milich, milch\nAlemannic German: Möuch, Melch\nSwabian: Milk\nWalser: milch, meljch, mélläch\nBavarian: Muich, Milli, milch, milach, milich\nCimbrian: milch, milach\nHianzisch: Müli\nMòcheno: milch\nCentral Franconian:\nHunsrik: Millich\nLuxembourgish: Mëllech\nGerman: Milch\n→ Tok Pisin: milis\nRhine Franconian:\nPennsylvania German: Millich\nVilamovian: myłich\nYiddish: מילך (milkh)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "mjǫlk"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: mjǫlk, mjolk, mjólk, miolk — Old East Norse\nIcelandic: mjólk\nFaroese: mjólk\nNorwegian Nynorsk: mjølk; (dialectal) mjolk, mjelk\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: mjølk\nElfdalian: mjok\nOld Swedish: miolk, miølk\nSwedish: mjölk\nOld Danish: mialk, miælk, mælk, miølk\nDanish: mælk\nNorwegian Bokmål: melk\nScanian: milk, mjælk\nGutnish: mjalk, mjälk, mjölk",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: mjǫlk, mjolk, mjólk, miolk — Old East Norse\nIcelandic: mjólk\nFaroese: mjólk\nNorwegian Nynorsk: mjølk; (dialectal) mjolk, mjelk\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: mjølk\nElfdalian: mjok\nOld Swedish: miolk, miølk\nSwedish: mjölk\nOld Danish: mialk, miælk, mælk, miølk\nDanish: mælk\nNorwegian Bokmål: melk\nScanian: milk, mjælk\nGutnish: mjalk, mjälk, mjölk"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃 (miluks)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃 (miluks)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "smi-pro",
"2": "*mielkkē",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Samic: *mielkkē",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Samic: *mielkkē (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*melko",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Proto-Slavic: *melko",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→? Proto-Slavic: *melko (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂melǵ-",
"t": "to milk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ- (“to milk”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "mulgeō",
"3": "",
"4": "milk",
"pos": "verb"
},
"expansion": "Latin mulgeō (“milk”, verb)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ- (“to milk”). Cognate with Latin mulgeō (“milk”, verb).\nThe presence of *-u- in the second syllable is aberrant, as it was not present in the PIE root or even in the related Germanic verb *melkaną. However, the evidence of all descendants speaks unambiguously in favour of its presence. Aside from being directly attested in most of them, it is also implied by Old Norse u-mutation in case forms where it would not be expected, in the raising of e to i before u in the non-Ingvaeonic West Germanic languages, and in the High German shift /k/ → /x/.\nPossible theories of origin of the disputed *-u-:\n* According to Kümmel, the vowel *u is an anaptyctic vowel, inserted after the resonant to ease the complicated cluster of three consonants *VRCs#.\n* According to Szemerenyi (1992: 1125) it is the result of contamination of the full- and zero-grade in an ablauting paradigm */melk-z/, genitive */mulk-iz/, but this leaves the Schwebeablaut unexplained.\n* According to Bammesberger (1990: 196f) this */u/ represents a schwa that arose between the */l/ and the */k/ in the nominative */melk-z/. However, this solution fails to explain why the same did not happen in e.g *alhs (“temple”).\n* According to Kroonen, *-u- originates from the strong verb *mel(u)kaną (“to milk”), whence this archaic root noun likely derives. This does not answer the ultimate origin of the u however.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "meluks",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melukiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "meluk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "melukiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "melukų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melukunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melukiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melukǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "meluki",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melukumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melukē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melukumiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/meluks",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "melukōną"
}
],
"glosses": [
"milk"
],
"id": "en-meluks-gem-pro-noun-iCXnZTD4",
"links": [
[
"milk",
"milk"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "melhtaz"
},
{
"word": "milhtiją"
},
{
"word": "melkaną"
},
{
"word": "melkaz"
},
{
"word": "melukaz"
},
{
"word": "mulknō"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Alfred Bammesberger",
"Brill Publishers",
"Oswald Szemerényi"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈme.luks/"
}
],
"word": "meluks"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "melukōną"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*meluk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *meluk\nOld English: meolc, meoloc, meoluc, milc\nMiddle English: milk, milke, milc, melke, melc (chiefly Kent & Southern West), mulk, mulc (chiefly Southern & Southern West)\nEnglish: milk\nScots: milk, melk, mylk\nYola: mulk\nOld Frisian: melok (all descendants are merged with molken < *mulknō)\nNorth Frisian: molke\nSaterland Frisian: Moalk, Molk\nWest Frisian: molke\nOld Saxon: miluk\nMiddle Low German: melik, melk\nDutch Low Saxon: melk\nGerman Low German: Melk\nPlautdietsch: Malkj\nOld Dutch: miluc\nMiddle Dutch: melc\nDutch: melk\nAfrikaans: melk\nBerbice Creole Dutch: meleke\nJersey Dutch: määlk\nNegerhollands: melk\n→ Aukan: meliki\n→ Caribbean Javanese: mèleg, mèrki\n→ Munsee: mălák\n→ Saramaccan: meíki\n→ Sranan Tongo: merki\n→ Kari'na: meliki\n→ Tok Pisin: melek\nLimburgish: mèlk\nOld High German: miluh\nMiddle High German: milich, milch\nAlemannic German: Möuch, Melch\nSwabian: Milk\nWalser: milch, meljch, mélläch\nBavarian: Muich, Milli, milch, milach, milich\nCimbrian: milch, milach\nHianzisch: Müli\nMòcheno: milch\nCentral Franconian:\nHunsrik: Millich\nLuxembourgish: Mëllech\nGerman: Milch\n→ Tok Pisin: milis\nRhine Franconian:\nPennsylvania German: Millich\nVilamovian: myłich\nYiddish: מילך (milkh)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *meluk\nOld English: meolc, meoloc, meoluc, milc\nMiddle English: milk, milke, milc, melke, melc (chiefly Kent & Southern West), mulk, mulc (chiefly Southern & Southern West)\nEnglish: milk\nScots: milk, melk, mylk\nYola: mulk\nOld Frisian: melok (all descendants are merged with molken < *mulknō)\nNorth Frisian: molke\nSaterland Frisian: Moalk, Molk\nWest Frisian: molke\nOld Saxon: miluk\nMiddle Low German: melik, melk\nDutch Low Saxon: melk\nGerman Low German: Melk\nPlautdietsch: Malkj\nOld Dutch: miluc\nMiddle Dutch: melc\nDutch: melk\nAfrikaans: melk\nBerbice Creole Dutch: meleke\nJersey Dutch: määlk\nNegerhollands: melk\n→ Aukan: meliki\n→ Caribbean Javanese: mèleg, mèrki\n→ Munsee: mălák\n→ Saramaccan: meíki\n→ Sranan Tongo: merki\n→ Kari'na: meliki\n→ Tok Pisin: melek\nLimburgish: mèlk\nOld High German: miluh\nMiddle High German: milich, milch\nAlemannic German: Möuch, Melch\nSwabian: Milk\nWalser: milch, meljch, mélläch\nBavarian: Muich, Milli, milch, milach, milich\nCimbrian: milch, milach\nHianzisch: Müli\nMòcheno: milch\nCentral Franconian:\nHunsrik: Millich\nLuxembourgish: Mëllech\nGerman: Milch\n→ Tok Pisin: milis\nRhine Franconian:\nPennsylvania German: Millich\nVilamovian: myłich\nYiddish: מילך (milkh)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "mjǫlk"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: mjǫlk, mjolk, mjólk, miolk — Old East Norse\nIcelandic: mjólk\nFaroese: mjólk\nNorwegian Nynorsk: mjølk; (dialectal) mjolk, mjelk\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: mjølk\nElfdalian: mjok\nOld Swedish: miolk, miølk\nSwedish: mjölk\nOld Danish: mialk, miælk, mælk, miølk\nDanish: mælk\nNorwegian Bokmål: melk\nScanian: milk, mjælk\nGutnish: mjalk, mjälk, mjölk",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: mjǫlk, mjolk, mjólk, miolk — Old East Norse\nIcelandic: mjólk\nFaroese: mjólk\nNorwegian Nynorsk: mjølk; (dialectal) mjolk, mjelk\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: mjølk\nElfdalian: mjok\nOld Swedish: miolk, miølk\nSwedish: mjölk\nOld Danish: mialk, miælk, mælk, miølk\nDanish: mælk\nNorwegian Bokmål: melk\nScanian: milk, mjælk\nGutnish: mjalk, mjälk, mjölk"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃 (miluks)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃 (miluks)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "smi-pro",
"2": "*mielkkē",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Samic: *mielkkē",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Samic: *mielkkē (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*melko",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Proto-Slavic: *melko",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→? Proto-Slavic: *melko (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂melǵ-",
"t": "to milk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ- (“to milk”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "mulgeō",
"3": "",
"4": "milk",
"pos": "verb"
},
"expansion": "Latin mulgeō (“milk”, verb)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ- (“to milk”). Cognate with Latin mulgeō (“milk”, verb).\nThe presence of *-u- in the second syllable is aberrant, as it was not present in the PIE root or even in the related Germanic verb *melkaną. However, the evidence of all descendants speaks unambiguously in favour of its presence. Aside from being directly attested in most of them, it is also implied by Old Norse u-mutation in case forms where it would not be expected, in the raising of e to i before u in the non-Ingvaeonic West Germanic languages, and in the High German shift /k/ → /x/.\nPossible theories of origin of the disputed *-u-:\n* According to Kümmel, the vowel *u is an anaptyctic vowel, inserted after the resonant to ease the complicated cluster of three consonants *VRCs#.\n* According to Szemerenyi (1992: 1125) it is the result of contamination of the full- and zero-grade in an ablauting paradigm */melk-z/, genitive */mulk-iz/, but this leaves the Schwebeablaut unexplained.\n* According to Bammesberger (1990: 196f) this */u/ represents a schwa that arose between the */l/ and the */k/ in the nominative */melk-z/. However, this solution fails to explain why the same did not happen in e.g *alhs (“temple”).\n* According to Kroonen, *-u- originates from the strong verb *mel(u)kaną (“to milk”), whence this archaic root noun likely derives. This does not answer the ultimate origin of the u however.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "meluks",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melukiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "meluk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "melukiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "melukų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melukunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melukiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melukǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "meluki",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melukumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "melukē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "melukumiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/meluks",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "melhtaz"
},
{
"word": "milhtiją"
},
{
"word": "melkaną"
},
{
"word": "melkaz"
},
{
"word": "melukaz"
},
{
"word": "mulknō"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic consonant stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"gem-pro:Food and drink",
"gem-pro:Liquids"
],
"glosses": [
"milk"
],
"links": [
[
"milk",
"milk"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Alfred Bammesberger",
"Brill Publishers",
"Oswald Szemerényi"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈme.luks/"
}
],
"word": "meluks"
}
Download raw JSONL data for meluks meaning in Proto-Germanic (8.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.