"meluks" meaning in Proto-Germanic

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmw-pro",
            "2": "*meluk"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *meluk\nOld English: meolc, meoloc, meoluc, milc\nMiddle English: milk, milke, milc; melke, melc; mulk, mulc\nEnglish: milk\nScots: milk, melk, mylk\nYola: mulk\nOld Frisian: melok\nNorth Frisian: molke\nSaterland Frisian: Moalk, Molk\nWest Frisian: molke\nOld Saxon: miluk\nMiddle Low German: melik, melk\nDutch Low Saxon: melk\nGerman Low German: Melk\nPlautdietsch: Malkj\nOld Dutch: miluc\nMiddle Dutch: melc\nDutch: melk\nAfrikaans: melk\nBerbice Creole Dutch: meleke\nJersey Dutch: määlk\nNegerhollands: melk\n→ Aukan: meliki\n→ Caribbean Javanese: mèleg, mèrki\n→ Munsee: mălák\n→ Saramaccan: meíki\n→ Sranan Tongo: merki\n→ Kari'na: meliki\n→ Tok Pisin: melek\nLimburgish: mèlk\nOld High German: miluh\nMiddle High German: milich, milch\nAlemannic German: Möuch, Melch\nSwabian: Milk\nWalser: milch, meljch, mélläch\nBavarian: Muich, Milli, milch, milach, milich\nCimbrian: milch, milach\nHianzisch: Müli\nMòcheno: milch\nCentral Franconian:\nHunsrik: Millich\nLuxembourgish: Mëllech\nGerman: Milch\n→ Tok Pisin: milis\nRhine Franconian:\nPennsylvania German: Millich\nVilamovian: myłich\nYiddish: מילך (milkh)",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-West Germanic: *meluk\nOld English: meolc, meoloc, meoluc, milc\nMiddle English: milk, milke, milc; melke, melc; mulk, mulc\nEnglish: milk\nScots: milk, melk, mylk\nYola: mulk\nOld Frisian: melok\nNorth Frisian: molke\nSaterland Frisian: Moalk, Molk\nWest Frisian: molke\nOld Saxon: miluk\nMiddle Low German: melik, melk\nDutch Low Saxon: melk\nGerman Low German: Melk\nPlautdietsch: Malkj\nOld Dutch: miluc\nMiddle Dutch: melc\nDutch: melk\nAfrikaans: melk\nBerbice Creole Dutch: meleke\nJersey Dutch: määlk\nNegerhollands: melk\n→ Aukan: meliki\n→ Caribbean Javanese: mèleg, mèrki\n→ Munsee: mălák\n→ Saramaccan: meíki\n→ Sranan Tongo: merki\n→ Kari'na: meliki\n→ Tok Pisin: melek\nLimburgish: mèlk\nOld High German: miluh\nMiddle High German: milich, milch\nAlemannic German: Möuch, Melch\nSwabian: Milk\nWalser: milch, meljch, mélläch\nBavarian: Muich, Milli, milch, milach, milich\nCimbrian: milch, milach\nHianzisch: Müli\nMòcheno: milch\nCentral Franconian:\nHunsrik: Millich\nLuxembourgish: Mëllech\nGerman: Milch\n→ Tok Pisin: milis\nRhine Franconian:\nPennsylvania German: Millich\nVilamovian: myłich\nYiddish: מילך (milkh)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "non",
            "2": "mjǫlk"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Norse: mjǫlk, mjolk, mjólk; miolk\nIcelandic: mjólk\nFaroese: mjólk\nNorwegian Nynorsk: mjølk; (dialectal) mjolk, mjelk\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: mjølk\nElfdalian: mjok\nOld Swedish: miolk, miølk\nSwedish: mjölk\nOld Danish: mialk, miælk, mælk, miølk\nDanish: mælk\nNorwegian Bokmål: melk\nScanian: milk, mjælk\nGutnish: mjalk, mjälk, mjölk",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Norse: mjǫlk, mjolk, mjólk; miolk\nIcelandic: mjólk\nFaroese: mjólk\nNorwegian Nynorsk: mjølk; (dialectal) mjolk, mjelk\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: mjølk\nElfdalian: mjok\nOld Swedish: miolk, miølk\nSwedish: mjölk\nOld Danish: mialk, miælk, mælk, miølk\nDanish: mælk\nNorwegian Bokmål: melk\nScanian: milk, mjælk\nGutnish: mjalk, mjälk, mjölk"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "got",
            "2": "𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃"
          },
          "expansion": "Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃 (miluks)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃 (miluks)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "smi-pro",
            "2": "*mielkkē",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Proto-Samic: *mielkkē",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Proto-Samic: *mielkkē (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sla-pro",
            "2": "*melko",
            "bor": "1",
            "unc": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→? Proto-Slavic: *melko",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→? Proto-Slavic: *melko (see there for further descendants)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₂melǵ-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "mulgeō",
        "3": "",
        "4": "milk",
        "pos": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin mulgeō (“milk”, verb)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ-. Cognate with Latin mulgeō (“milk”, verb).\nThe presence of *-u- in the second syllable is aberrant, as it was not present in the PIE root or even in the related Germanic verb *melkaną. However, the evidence of all descendants speaks unambiguously in favour of its presence. Aside from being directly attested in most of them, it is also implied by Old Norse u-mutation in case forms where it would not be expected, in the raising of e to i before u in the non-Ingvaeonic West Germanic languages, and in the High German shift /k/ → /x/.\nPossible theories of origin of the disputed *-u-:\n* According to Kümmel, the vowel *u is an anaptyctic vowel, inserted after the resonant to ease the complicated cluster of three consonants *VRCs#.\n* According to Szemerenyi (1992: 1125) it is the result of contamination of the full- and zero-grade in an ablauting paradigm */melk-z/, genitive */mulk-iz/, but this leaves the Schwebeablaut unexplained.\n* According to Bammesberger (1990: 196f) this */u/ represents a schwa that arose between the */l/ and the */k/ in the nominative */melk-z/. However, this solution fails to explain why the same did not happen in e.g *alhs (“temple”).\n* According to Kroonen, *-u- originates from the strong verb *mel(u)kaną (“to milk”), whence this archaic root noun likely derives. This does not answer the ultimate origin of the u however.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gem-decl-noun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "meluks",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "melukiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "meluk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "melukiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "melukų",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "melukunz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "melukiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "melukǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "meluki",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "melukumaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "melukē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "melukumiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "gem-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gem-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/meluks",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "word": "melukōną"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "milk"
      ],
      "id": "en-meluks-gem-pro-noun-iCXnZTD4",
      "links": [
        [
          "milk",
          "milk"
        ]
      ],
      "related": [
        {
          "word": "melhtaz"
        },
        {
          "word": "milhtiją"
        },
        {
          "word": "melkaną"
        },
        {
          "word": "melkaz"
        },
        {
          "word": "melukaz"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈme.luks/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "meluks"
}

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "melukōną"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmw-pro",
            "2": "*meluk"
          },
          "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *meluk\nOld English: meolc, meoloc, meoluc, milc\nMiddle English: milk, milke, milc; melke, melc; mulk, mulc\nEnglish: milk\nScots: milk, melk, mylk\nYola: mulk\nOld Frisian: melok\nNorth Frisian: molke\nSaterland Frisian: Moalk, Molk\nWest Frisian: molke\nOld Saxon: miluk\nMiddle Low German: melik, melk\nDutch Low Saxon: melk\nGerman Low German: Melk\nPlautdietsch: Malkj\nOld Dutch: miluc\nMiddle Dutch: melc\nDutch: melk\nAfrikaans: melk\nBerbice Creole Dutch: meleke\nJersey Dutch: määlk\nNegerhollands: melk\n→ Aukan: meliki\n→ Caribbean Javanese: mèleg, mèrki\n→ Munsee: mălák\n→ Saramaccan: meíki\n→ Sranan Tongo: merki\n→ Kari'na: meliki\n→ Tok Pisin: melek\nLimburgish: mèlk\nOld High German: miluh\nMiddle High German: milich, milch\nAlemannic German: Möuch, Melch\nSwabian: Milk\nWalser: milch, meljch, mélläch\nBavarian: Muich, Milli, milch, milach, milich\nCimbrian: milch, milach\nHianzisch: Müli\nMòcheno: milch\nCentral Franconian:\nHunsrik: Millich\nLuxembourgish: Mëllech\nGerman: Milch\n→ Tok Pisin: milis\nRhine Franconian:\nPennsylvania German: Millich\nVilamovian: myłich\nYiddish: מילך (milkh)",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Proto-West Germanic: *meluk\nOld English: meolc, meoloc, meoluc, milc\nMiddle English: milk, milke, milc; melke, melc; mulk, mulc\nEnglish: milk\nScots: milk, melk, mylk\nYola: mulk\nOld Frisian: melok\nNorth Frisian: molke\nSaterland Frisian: Moalk, Molk\nWest Frisian: molke\nOld Saxon: miluk\nMiddle Low German: melik, melk\nDutch Low Saxon: melk\nGerman Low German: Melk\nPlautdietsch: Malkj\nOld Dutch: miluc\nMiddle Dutch: melc\nDutch: melk\nAfrikaans: melk\nBerbice Creole Dutch: meleke\nJersey Dutch: määlk\nNegerhollands: melk\n→ Aukan: meliki\n→ Caribbean Javanese: mèleg, mèrki\n→ Munsee: mălák\n→ Saramaccan: meíki\n→ Sranan Tongo: merki\n→ Kari'na: meliki\n→ Tok Pisin: melek\nLimburgish: mèlk\nOld High German: miluh\nMiddle High German: milich, milch\nAlemannic German: Möuch, Melch\nSwabian: Milk\nWalser: milch, meljch, mélläch\nBavarian: Muich, Milli, milch, milach, milich\nCimbrian: milch, milach\nHianzisch: Müli\nMòcheno: milch\nCentral Franconian:\nHunsrik: Millich\nLuxembourgish: Mëllech\nGerman: Milch\n→ Tok Pisin: milis\nRhine Franconian:\nPennsylvania German: Millich\nVilamovian: myłich\nYiddish: מילך (milkh)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "non",
            "2": "mjǫlk"
          },
          "expansion": "Old Norse: mjǫlk, mjolk, mjólk; miolk\nIcelandic: mjólk\nFaroese: mjólk\nNorwegian Nynorsk: mjølk; (dialectal) mjolk, mjelk\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: mjølk\nElfdalian: mjok\nOld Swedish: miolk, miølk\nSwedish: mjölk\nOld Danish: mialk, miælk, mælk, miølk\nDanish: mælk\nNorwegian Bokmål: melk\nScanian: milk, mjælk\nGutnish: mjalk, mjälk, mjölk",
          "name": "desctree"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Old Norse: mjǫlk, mjolk, mjólk; miolk\nIcelandic: mjólk\nFaroese: mjólk\nNorwegian Nynorsk: mjølk; (dialectal) mjolk, mjelk\n→ Norwegian Bokmål: mjølk\nElfdalian: mjok\nOld Swedish: miolk, miølk\nSwedish: mjölk\nOld Danish: mialk, miælk, mælk, miølk\nDanish: mælk\nNorwegian Bokmål: melk\nScanian: milk, mjælk\nGutnish: mjalk, mjälk, mjölk"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "got",
            "2": "𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃"
          },
          "expansion": "Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃 (miluks)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃 (miluks)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "smi-pro",
            "2": "*mielkkē",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Proto-Samic: *mielkkē",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Proto-Samic: *mielkkē (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sla-pro",
            "2": "*melko",
            "bor": "1",
            "unc": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→? Proto-Slavic: *melko",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→? Proto-Slavic: *melko (see there for further descendants)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₂melǵ-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "mulgeō",
        "3": "",
        "4": "milk",
        "pos": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin mulgeō (“milk”, verb)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ-. Cognate with Latin mulgeō (“milk”, verb).\nThe presence of *-u- in the second syllable is aberrant, as it was not present in the PIE root or even in the related Germanic verb *melkaną. However, the evidence of all descendants speaks unambiguously in favour of its presence. Aside from being directly attested in most of them, it is also implied by Old Norse u-mutation in case forms where it would not be expected, in the raising of e to i before u in the non-Ingvaeonic West Germanic languages, and in the High German shift /k/ → /x/.\nPossible theories of origin of the disputed *-u-:\n* According to Kümmel, the vowel *u is an anaptyctic vowel, inserted after the resonant to ease the complicated cluster of three consonants *VRCs#.\n* According to Szemerenyi (1992: 1125) it is the result of contamination of the full- and zero-grade in an ablauting paradigm */melk-z/, genitive */mulk-iz/, but this leaves the Schwebeablaut unexplained.\n* According to Bammesberger (1990: 196f) this */u/ represents a schwa that arose between the */l/ and the */k/ in the nominative */melk-z/. However, this solution fails to explain why the same did not happen in e.g *alhs (“temple”).\n* According to Kroonen, *-u- originates from the strong verb *mel(u)kaną (“to milk”), whence this archaic root noun likely derives. This does not answer the ultimate origin of the u however.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gem-decl-noun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "meluks",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "melukiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "meluk",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "melukiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "melukų",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "melukunz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "melukiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "melukǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "meluki",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "melukumaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "melukē",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "melukumiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "gem-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gem-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/meluks",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "melhtaz"
    },
    {
      "word": "milhtiją"
    },
    {
      "word": "melkaną"
    },
    {
      "word": "melkaz"
    },
    {
      "word": "melukaz"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Proto-Germanic consonant stem nouns",
        "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
        "Proto-Germanic feminine nouns",
        "Proto-Germanic lemmas",
        "Proto-Germanic nouns",
        "Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Proto-Germanic terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "gem-pro:Food and drink",
        "gem-pro:Liquids"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "milk"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "milk",
          "milk"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈme.luks/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "meluks"
}