See ju in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "iu"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "iū"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "iu"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "ġeō"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "iu"
}
],
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"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "ġēn"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "iu"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "ġīen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "iu"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "ġēna"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "iu"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "ġīena"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "iû"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "jû"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "jū"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "iû"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "jû"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "giū"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "iû"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "jû"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "gio"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "iû"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "jû"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "īū"
},
{
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*jū"
},
{
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "ju"
},
{
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "iu"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "jū"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "jū"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "jū"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "giu"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"word": "*jū"
},
{
"lang": "Gothic",
"lang_code": "got",
"roman": "ju",
"word": "𐌾𐌿"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Estonian",
"lang_code": "et",
"word": "ju"
},
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"word": "jo"
},
{
"lang": "Ingrian",
"lang_code": "izh",
"word": "jo"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "North Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl",
"word": "jo"
},
{
"lang": "South Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl",
"word": "jo"
}
],
"lang": "Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl"
},
{
"lang": "Livonian",
"lang_code": "liv",
"word": "jo"
},
{
"lang": "Livonian",
"lang_code": "liv",
"word": "ju"
},
{
"lang": "Livvi",
"lang_code": "olo",
"word": "jo"
},
{
"lang": "Ludian",
"lang_code": "lud",
"word": "dʹo"
},
{
"lang": "Veps",
"lang_code": "vep",
"word": "jo"
},
{
"lang": "Võro",
"lang_code": "vro",
"word": "jo"
},
{
"lang": "Võro",
"lang_code": "vro",
"word": "joq"
},
{
"lang": "Votic",
"lang_code": "vot",
"word": "jo"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"uncertain"
],
"sense": "already",
"tags": [
"possibly"
],
"word": "*jo"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*Hyós",
"4": "*Hyā́m"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *Hyā́m",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ís",
"4": "*íh₂m"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *íh₂m",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "jau",
"t": "already"
},
"expansion": "Latvian jau (“already”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "jau"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian jau",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "już"
},
"expansion": "Polish już",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "iam",
"t": "already, now"
},
"expansion": "Latin iam (“already, now”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂óyu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂óyu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "jau",
"3": "jaū"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian jaū",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*aiwaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *aiwaz",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Apparently derived from the feminine accusative form of the pronoun Proto-Indo-European *Hyā́m, itself possibly a thematic form of Proto-Indo-European *íh₂m, see also Latvian jau (“already”), Lithuanian jau, Polish już, and Latin iam (“already, now”). The Germanic and Balto-Slavic words represent the locative case, while the Latin descended from the accusative.\n* Based on a long stem vowel in Old High German derived from u-stem locative *h₂y-éw to Proto-Indo-European *h₂óyu, compare Lithuanian jaū, Proto-Germanic *aiwaz, etc.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "*ju",
"name": "gem-adv"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ju",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "juta"
}
],
"glosses": [
"already; yet; now"
],
"id": "en-ju-gem-pro-adv-yJaJTpFk",
"links": [
[
"already",
"already"
],
[
"yet",
"yet"
],
[
"now",
"now"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "ja"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈju/"
}
],
"word": "ju"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "juta"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "iu"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "iū"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "iu"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "ġeō"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "iu"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "ġēn"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "iu"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "ġīen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "iu"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "ġēna"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "iu"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "ġīena"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "iû"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "jû"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "jū"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "iû"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "jû"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "giū"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "iû"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "jû"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "gio"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "iû"
},
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "jû"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "īū"
},
{
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*jū"
},
{
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "ju"
},
{
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "iu"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "jū"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "jū"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "jū"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "giu"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"word": "*jū"
},
{
"lang": "Gothic",
"lang_code": "got",
"roman": "ju",
"word": "𐌾𐌿"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Estonian",
"lang_code": "et",
"word": "ju"
},
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"word": "jo"
},
{
"lang": "Ingrian",
"lang_code": "izh",
"word": "jo"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "North Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl",
"word": "jo"
},
{
"lang": "South Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl",
"word": "jo"
}
],
"lang": "Karelian",
"lang_code": "krl"
},
{
"lang": "Livonian",
"lang_code": "liv",
"word": "jo"
},
{
"lang": "Livonian",
"lang_code": "liv",
"word": "ju"
},
{
"lang": "Livvi",
"lang_code": "olo",
"word": "jo"
},
{
"lang": "Ludian",
"lang_code": "lud",
"word": "dʹo"
},
{
"lang": "Veps",
"lang_code": "vep",
"word": "jo"
},
{
"lang": "Võro",
"lang_code": "vro",
"word": "jo"
},
{
"lang": "Võro",
"lang_code": "vro",
"word": "joq"
},
{
"lang": "Votic",
"lang_code": "vot",
"word": "jo"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"uncertain"
],
"sense": "already",
"tags": [
"possibly"
],
"word": "*jo"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*Hyós",
"4": "*Hyā́m"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *Hyā́m",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ís",
"4": "*íh₂m"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *íh₂m",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "jau",
"t": "already"
},
"expansion": "Latvian jau (“already”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "jau"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian jau",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "już"
},
"expansion": "Polish już",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "iam",
"t": "already, now"
},
"expansion": "Latin iam (“already, now”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂óyu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂óyu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "jau",
"3": "jaū"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian jaū",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*aiwaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *aiwaz",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Apparently derived from the feminine accusative form of the pronoun Proto-Indo-European *Hyā́m, itself possibly a thematic form of Proto-Indo-European *íh₂m, see also Latvian jau (“already”), Lithuanian jau, Polish już, and Latin iam (“already, now”). The Germanic and Balto-Slavic words represent the locative case, while the Latin descended from the accusative.\n* Based on a long stem vowel in Old High German derived from u-stem locative *h₂y-éw to Proto-Indo-European *h₂óyu, compare Lithuanian jaū, Proto-Germanic *aiwaz, etc.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "*ju",
"name": "gem-adv"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ju",
"pos": "adv",
"related": [
{
"word": "ja"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic adverbs",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas"
],
"glosses": [
"already; yet; now"
],
"links": [
[
"already",
"already"
],
[
"yet",
"yet"
],
[
"now",
"now"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈju/"
}
],
"word": "ju"
}
Download raw JSONL data for ju meaning in Proto-Germanic (5.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (ccec6f1 and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.