See ju in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*jū"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *jū",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *jū"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "iū",
"3": "ġeō"
},
"expansion": "Old English: iū, ġeō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: iū, ġeō; ġēn, ġīen, ġēna, ġīena"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "iu"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: iu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: iu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "jū",
"3": "giū",
"4": "gio",
"5": "īū"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: jū, giū, gio, īū",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: jū, giū, gio, īū"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "iû",
"3": "jû"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: iû, jû",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: iû, jû"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*jū",
"3": "ju",
"4": "iu"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *jū, ju, iu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *jū, ju, iu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "jū",
"3": "giu"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: jū, giu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: jū, giu"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "jū"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: jū",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: jū"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌾𐌿"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: 𐌾𐌿 (ju)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: 𐌾𐌿 (ju)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "*jo",
"bor": "1",
"t": "already"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Finnic: *jo (“already”)\nEstonian: ju\nFinnish: jo\nIngrian: jo\nKarelian:\nNorth Karelian: jo\nSouth Karelian: jo\nLivonian: jo, ju\nLivvi: jo\nLudian: d'o\nVeps: jo\nVõro: jo, joq\nVotic: jo",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Finnic: *jo (“already”)\nEstonian: ju\nFinnish: jo\nIngrian: jo\nKarelian:\nNorth Karelian: jo\nSouth Karelian: jo\nLivonian: jo, ju\nLivvi: jo\nLudian: d'o\nVeps: jo\nVõro: jo, joq\nVotic: jo"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*yós",
"4": "*yā́m"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *yā́m",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ís",
"4": "*íh₂m"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *íh₂m",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "jau",
"t": "already"
},
"expansion": "Latvian jau (“already”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "jau"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian jau",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "już"
},
"expansion": "Polish już",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "iam",
"t": "already, now"
},
"expansion": "Latin iam (“already, now”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂óyu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂óyu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "jau",
"3": "jaū"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian jaū",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*aiwaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *aiwaz",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Apparently derived from the feminine accusative form of the pronoun Proto-Indo-European *yā́m, itself thematic form of Proto-Indo-European *íh₂m, see also Latvian jau (“already”), Lithuanian jau, Polish już, and Latin iam (“already, now”). The Germanic and Balto-Slavic words represent the locative case, while the Latin descended from the accusative.\n* Based on a long stem vowel in Old High German derived from u-stem locative *h₂y-éw to Proto-Indo-European *h₂óyu, compare Lithuanian jaū, Proto-Germanic *aiwaz, etc.",
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ju",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "juta"
}
],
"glosses": [
"already; yet; now"
],
"id": "en-ju-gem-pro-adv-yJaJTpFk",
"links": [
[
"already",
"already"
],
[
"yet",
"yet"
],
[
"now",
"now"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "ja"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈju/"
}
],
"word": "ju"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "juta"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*jū"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *jū",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *jū"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "iū",
"3": "ġeō"
},
"expansion": "Old English: iū, ġeō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: iū, ġeō; ġēn, ġīen, ġēna, ġīena"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "iu"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: iu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: iu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "jū",
"3": "giū",
"4": "gio",
"5": "īū"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: jū, giū, gio, īū",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: jū, giū, gio, īū"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "iû",
"3": "jû"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: iû, jû",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: iû, jû"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*jū",
"3": "ju",
"4": "iu"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *jū, ju, iu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *jū, ju, iu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "jū",
"3": "giu"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: jū, giu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: jū, giu"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "jū"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: jū",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: jū"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌾𐌿"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: 𐌾𐌿 (ju)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: 𐌾𐌿 (ju)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "*jo",
"bor": "1",
"t": "already"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Finnic: *jo (“already”)\nEstonian: ju\nFinnish: jo\nIngrian: jo\nKarelian:\nNorth Karelian: jo\nSouth Karelian: jo\nLivonian: jo, ju\nLivvi: jo\nLudian: d'o\nVeps: jo\nVõro: jo, joq\nVotic: jo",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Finnic: *jo (“already”)\nEstonian: ju\nFinnish: jo\nIngrian: jo\nKarelian:\nNorth Karelian: jo\nSouth Karelian: jo\nLivonian: jo, ju\nLivvi: jo\nLudian: d'o\nVeps: jo\nVõro: jo, joq\nVotic: jo"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*yós",
"4": "*yā́m"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *yā́m",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ís",
"4": "*íh₂m"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *íh₂m",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "jau",
"t": "already"
},
"expansion": "Latvian jau (“already”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "jau"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian jau",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "już"
},
"expansion": "Polish już",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "iam",
"t": "already, now"
},
"expansion": "Latin iam (“already, now”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂óyu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂óyu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "jau",
"3": "jaū"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian jaū",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*aiwaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *aiwaz",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Apparently derived from the feminine accusative form of the pronoun Proto-Indo-European *yā́m, itself thematic form of Proto-Indo-European *íh₂m, see also Latvian jau (“already”), Lithuanian jau, Polish już, and Latin iam (“already, now”). The Germanic and Balto-Slavic words represent the locative case, while the Latin descended from the accusative.\n* Based on a long stem vowel in Old High German derived from u-stem locative *h₂y-éw to Proto-Indo-European *h₂óyu, compare Lithuanian jaū, Proto-Germanic *aiwaz, etc.",
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ju",
"pos": "adv",
"related": [
{
"word": "ja"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic adverbs",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas"
],
"glosses": [
"already; yet; now"
],
"links": [
[
"already",
"already"
],
[
"yet",
"yet"
],
[
"now",
"now"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈju/"
}
],
"word": "ju"
}
Download raw JSONL data for ju meaning in Proto-Germanic (4.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (ca09fec and c40eb85). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.