See hrīmô in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*hrīm"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *hrīm\nOld English: hrīm\nMiddle English: rime, ryme\nScots: ryme, rime\nEnglish: rime\nOld Frisian: *hrīm (in derivatives: hrīmich, hrīmech)\nOld Dutch: *rīm\nMiddle Dutch: rijm\nDutch: rijm\nOld High German: *hrīm, *rīm\nMiddle High German: rīm\nBavarian: Reim, Rein (Tyrol)\n⇒ Middle High German: rīmelen, rīmeln (“to be covered with rime”)\n→ Old French: frime; frimas\nMiddle French: frimas\nFrench: frimas",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *hrīm\nOld English: hrīm\nMiddle English: rime, ryme\nScots: ryme, rime\nEnglish: rime\nOld Frisian: *hrīm (in derivatives: hrīmich, hrīmech)\nOld Dutch: *rīm\nMiddle Dutch: rijm\nDutch: rijm\nOld High German: *hrīm, *rīm\nMiddle High German: rīm\nBavarian: Reim, Rein (Tyrol)\n⇒ Middle High German: rīmelen, rīmeln (“to be covered with rime”)\n→ Old French: frime; frimas\nMiddle French: frimas\nFrench: frimas"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "hrím",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: hrím n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: hrím n"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "rim"
},
"expansion": "Danish: rim",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danish: rim"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "hrím"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: hrím",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: hrím"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "rím"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: rím",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: rím"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "rim"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian: rim",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian: rim"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "rim"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: rim",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: rim"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*hrīpō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *hrīpō\nOld Frisian: *hrīpa\nSaterland Frisian: Riep\nOld Saxon: *hrīpo\nMiddle Low German: rîpe, rîp, rîfe\nOld Dutch: *rīpo\nMiddle Dutch: ripe\nDutch: rijp\nAfrikaans: ryp\nOld High German: rīfo\nMiddle High German: rīfe, rīf\nGerman: Reif",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *hrīpō\nOld Frisian: *hrīpa\nSaterland Frisian: Riep\nOld Saxon: *hrīpo\nMiddle Low German: rîpe, rîp, rîfe\nOld Dutch: *rīpo\nMiddle Dutch: ripe\nDutch: rijp\nAfrikaans: ryp\nOld High German: rīfo\nMiddle High German: rīfe, rīf\nGerman: Reif"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*riip-",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Proto-Finnic: *riip-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→? Proto-Finnic: *riip-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "*riittädäk",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Finnic: *riittädäk",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "< *riip-tä-?"
},
"expansion": "(< *riip-tä-?)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Finnic: *riittädäk (< *riip-tä-?)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "riittää"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: riittää",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: riittää"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*krey-",
"t": "to streak; graze; touch"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *krey- (“to streak; graze; touch”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "According to Kroonen, the nominative stem originally had a root-final -f, which was lost before the m of the mn-stem endings. This in turn stems from an older root-final -p. In the oblique stems, however, the m was lost instead, making the resulting -pn- cluster vulnerable to Kluge's law, which transformed it into a geminate -pp-. This geminate was then shortened due to a heavy long-vowel syllable preceding it.\nPokorny derived this from Proto-Indo-European *krey- (“to streak; graze; touch”). Kroonen instead reconstructs a root *kreyp-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "an-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "hrīmô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hrīmaniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hrīmô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "hrīmaniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "hrīmanų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hrīpunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hrīpaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hrīpǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hrīmini",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hrīmummaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hrīpē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hrīmummiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hrīm",
"2": "hrīp",
"3": "hrīm",
"g": "m",
"stem": "namphi"
},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrīmô",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "79 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "89 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "73 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"frost, hoarfrost, rime"
],
"id": "en-hrīmô-gem-pro-noun-VhNQuCpK",
"links": [
[
"frost",
"frost"
],
[
"hoarfrost",
"hoarfrost"
],
[
"rime",
"rime"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*frustaz"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"soot"
],
"id": "en-hrīmô-gem-pro-noun-as3Fin5N",
"links": [
[
"soot",
"soot"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*sōtą"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈxriːmɔːː/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"North"
],
"word": "hrīmą"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Kluge's law"
],
"word": "hrīmô"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic an-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*hrīm"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *hrīm\nOld English: hrīm\nMiddle English: rime, ryme\nScots: ryme, rime\nEnglish: rime\nOld Frisian: *hrīm (in derivatives: hrīmich, hrīmech)\nOld Dutch: *rīm\nMiddle Dutch: rijm\nDutch: rijm\nOld High German: *hrīm, *rīm\nMiddle High German: rīm\nBavarian: Reim, Rein (Tyrol)\n⇒ Middle High German: rīmelen, rīmeln (“to be covered with rime”)\n→ Old French: frime; frimas\nMiddle French: frimas\nFrench: frimas",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *hrīm\nOld English: hrīm\nMiddle English: rime, ryme\nScots: ryme, rime\nEnglish: rime\nOld Frisian: *hrīm (in derivatives: hrīmich, hrīmech)\nOld Dutch: *rīm\nMiddle Dutch: rijm\nDutch: rijm\nOld High German: *hrīm, *rīm\nMiddle High German: rīm\nBavarian: Reim, Rein (Tyrol)\n⇒ Middle High German: rīmelen, rīmeln (“to be covered with rime”)\n→ Old French: frime; frimas\nMiddle French: frimas\nFrench: frimas"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "hrím",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: hrím n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: hrím n"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "rim"
},
"expansion": "Danish: rim",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Danish: rim"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "hrím"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: hrím",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Icelandic: hrím"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "rím"
},
"expansion": "Faroese: rím",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Faroese: rím"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "rim"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian: rim",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norwegian: rim"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "rim"
},
"expansion": "Swedish: rim",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Swedish: rim"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*hrīpō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *hrīpō\nOld Frisian: *hrīpa\nSaterland Frisian: Riep\nOld Saxon: *hrīpo\nMiddle Low German: rîpe, rîp, rîfe\nOld Dutch: *rīpo\nMiddle Dutch: ripe\nDutch: rijp\nAfrikaans: ryp\nOld High German: rīfo\nMiddle High German: rīfe, rīf\nGerman: Reif",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *hrīpō\nOld Frisian: *hrīpa\nSaterland Frisian: Riep\nOld Saxon: *hrīpo\nMiddle Low German: rîpe, rîp, rîfe\nOld Dutch: *rīpo\nMiddle Dutch: ripe\nDutch: rijp\nAfrikaans: ryp\nOld High German: rīfo\nMiddle High German: rīfe, rīf\nGerman: Reif"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*riip-",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Proto-Finnic: *riip-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→? Proto-Finnic: *riip-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "*riittädäk",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Finnic: *riittädäk",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "< *riip-tä-?"
},
"expansion": "(< *riip-tä-?)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Finnic: *riittädäk (< *riip-tä-?)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "riittää"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: riittää",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: riittää"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*krey-",
"t": "to streak; graze; touch"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *krey- (“to streak; graze; touch”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "According to Kroonen, the nominative stem originally had a root-final -f, which was lost before the m of the mn-stem endings. This in turn stems from an older root-final -p. In the oblique stems, however, the m was lost instead, making the resulting -pn- cluster vulnerable to Kluge's law, which transformed it into a geminate -pp-. This geminate was then shortened due to a heavy long-vowel syllable preceding it.\nPokorny derived this from Proto-Indo-European *krey- (“to streak; graze; touch”). Kroonen instead reconstructs a root *kreyp-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "an-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "hrīmô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hrīmaniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hrīmô",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "hrīmaniz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "hrīmanų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hrīpunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hrīpaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hrīpǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hrīmini",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hrīmummaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hrīpē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hrīmummiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hrīm",
"2": "hrīp",
"3": "hrīm",
"g": "m",
"stem": "namphi"
},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrīmô",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"gem-pro:Ice",
"gem-pro:Winter"
],
"glosses": [
"frost, hoarfrost, rime"
],
"links": [
[
"frost",
"frost"
],
[
"hoarfrost",
"hoarfrost"
],
[
"rime",
"rime"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*frustaz"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"soot"
],
"links": [
[
"soot",
"soot"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*sōtą"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈxriːmɔːː/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"North"
],
"word": "hrīmą"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Kluge's law"
],
"word": "hrīmô"
}
Download raw JSONL data for hrīmô meaning in Proto-Germanic (6.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-17 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (ca09fec and c40eb85). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.