See hōfą in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*hōf"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *hōf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *hōf"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*bihōf",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *bihōf\nOld English: behōf\nMiddle English: bihove, behove\nEnglish: behoof\nScots: behufe, behuif\nOld Frisian: bihōf\nSaterland Frisian: Bihouf\nWest Frisian: behoef\nOld Saxon: *bihōf\nMiddle Low German: behôf\nGerman Low German: Behöf\n⇒ German Low German: behövig\n→ Danish: behov\n→ Swedish: behov\nOld Dutch: *bihuof\nMiddle Dutch: behoef\nDutch: behoef\nOld High German: *bihuof\nMiddle High German: behuof\nGerman: Behuf",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *bihōf\nOld English: behōf\nMiddle English: bihove, behove\nEnglish: behoof\nScots: behufe, behuif\nOld Frisian: bihōf\nSaterland Frisian: Bihouf\nWest Frisian: behoef\nOld Saxon: *bihōf\nMiddle Low German: behôf\nGerman Low German: Behöf\n⇒ German Low German: behövig\n→ Danish: behov\n→ Swedish: behov\nOld Dutch: *bihuof\nMiddle Dutch: behoef\nDutch: behoef\nOld High German: *bihuof\nMiddle High German: behuof\nGerman: Behuf"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "hóf"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: hóf\nIcelandic: hóf\nNorwegian Nynorsk: hóv, hóv (alternative spelling)\nSwedish: hov (dialectal)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: hóf\nIcelandic: hóf\nNorwegian Nynorsk: hóv, hóv (alternative spelling)\nSwedish: hov (dialectal)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*keh₂p-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *keh₂p-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *keh₂p-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "hōfą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hōfō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hōfą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "hōfō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "hōfą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hōfō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hōfas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hōfis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hōfǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hōfai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hōfamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hōfō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hōfamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hōfą",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"necessity"
],
"id": "en-hōfą-gem-pro-noun-tkUcxt2B",
"links": [
[
"necessity",
"necessity"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "habjaną"
},
{
"word": "hōbiz"
}
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "hōfą"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*hōf"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *hōf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *hōf"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*bihōf",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *bihōf\nOld English: behōf\nMiddle English: bihove, behove\nEnglish: behoof\nScots: behufe, behuif\nOld Frisian: bihōf\nSaterland Frisian: Bihouf\nWest Frisian: behoef\nOld Saxon: *bihōf\nMiddle Low German: behôf\nGerman Low German: Behöf\n⇒ German Low German: behövig\n→ Danish: behov\n→ Swedish: behov\nOld Dutch: *bihuof\nMiddle Dutch: behoef\nDutch: behoef\nOld High German: *bihuof\nMiddle High German: behuof\nGerman: Behuf",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *bihōf\nOld English: behōf\nMiddle English: bihove, behove\nEnglish: behoof\nScots: behufe, behuif\nOld Frisian: bihōf\nSaterland Frisian: Bihouf\nWest Frisian: behoef\nOld Saxon: *bihōf\nMiddle Low German: behôf\nGerman Low German: Behöf\n⇒ German Low German: behövig\n→ Danish: behov\n→ Swedish: behov\nOld Dutch: *bihuof\nMiddle Dutch: behoef\nDutch: behoef\nOld High German: *bihuof\nMiddle High German: behuof\nGerman: Behuf"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "hóf"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: hóf\nIcelandic: hóf\nNorwegian Nynorsk: hóv, hóv (alternative spelling)\nSwedish: hov (dialectal)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: hóf\nIcelandic: hóf\nNorwegian Nynorsk: hóv, hóv (alternative spelling)\nSwedish: hov (dialectal)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*keh₂p-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *keh₂p-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *keh₂p-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "hōfą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hōfō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hōfą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "hōfō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "hōfą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hōfō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hōfas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hōfis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hōfǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hōfai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hōfamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hōfō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hōfamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hōfą",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "habjaną"
},
{
"word": "hōbiz"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic neuter nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"glosses": [
"necessity"
],
"links": [
[
"necessity",
"necessity"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "hōfą"
}
Download raw JSONL data for hōfą meaning in Proto-Germanic (3.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (df33d17 and 4ed51a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.