See falisaz in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*falis"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *falis\nOld Saxon: felis\nMiddle Low German: vels\nOld Dutch: *felis\nMiddle Dutch: vels\nDutch: vels\nOld High German: felis, fels, feliso\nMiddle High German: vels, velse\nGerman: Fels, Felsen (often distinguished)\nHunsrik: Fels\nLuxembourgish: Fiels\n→ Vulgar Latin: *falisa, *falesa\nOld French: falise, falese, faleise, faloise\nMiddle French: falize, falise, faleise, faloise, falaise\nFrench: falaise (see there for further descendants)\n→ Medieval Latin: falesa, falisia\nItalian: falesa, falesia",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *falis\nOld Saxon: felis\nMiddle Low German: vels\nOld Dutch: *felis\nMiddle Dutch: vels\nDutch: vels\nOld High German: felis, fels, feliso\nMiddle High German: vels, velse\nGerman: Fels, Felsen (often distinguished)\nHunsrik: Fels\nLuxembourgish: Fiels\n→ Vulgar Latin: *falisa, *falesa\nOld French: falise, falese, faleise, faloise\nMiddle French: falize, falise, faleise, faloise, falaise\nFrench: falaise (see there for further descendants)\n→ Medieval Latin: falesa, falisia\nItalian: falesa, falesia"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "fell",
"3": "fjall"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: fell, fjall",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "fjall",
"noparent": "1"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: fjall, fell\nFaroese: fjall\nNorwegian Nynorsk: fjell; (dialectal) fjall, fjadd, fjedl\nOld Swedish: fiæl\nSwedish: fjäll\nDanish: fjeld\nNorwegian Bokmål: fjell\n→ Middle English: fell, fel\nScots: fell, fiold\nEnglish: fell",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: fell, fjall (possibly < *felzaz)\nIcelandic: fjall, fell\nFaroese: fjall\nNorwegian Nynorsk: fjell; (dialectal) fjall, fjadd, fjedl\nOld Swedish: fiæl\nSwedish: fjäll\nDanish: fjeld\nNorwegian Bokmål: fjell\n→ Middle English: fell, fel\nScots: fell, fiold\nEnglish: fell"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pels-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pels-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ail",
"3": "",
"4": "boulder, rock"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish ail (“boulder, rock”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸallom",
"3": "",
"4": "cliff"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *ɸallom (“cliff”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पाषाण",
"t": "stone, rock"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit पाषाण (pāṣāṇa, “stone, rock”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ps",
"2": "پرښه",
"3": "",
"tr": "parṣ̌a"
},
"expansion": "Pashto پرښه (parṣ̌a)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old French",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "qfa-sub"
},
"expansion": "substrate",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *pels-, *pelis- (“rock, cliff”), or perhaps an s-stem *pél-es-. Compare Old Irish ail (“boulder, rock”), Proto-Celtic *ɸallom (“cliff”), Sanskrit पाषाण (pāṣāṇa, “stone, rock”) and Pashto پرښه (parṣ̌a). Kroonen suggests reconstructing an acrostatic *pól-s ~ *pél-s-s, with o-grade based especially on the Old French borrowing falise.\nAlternatively from a substrate language; more at πέλλα (pélla).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "falisaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "falisōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "falisōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "falis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "falisōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "falisōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "falisą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "falisanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "falisas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "falisis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "falisǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "falisai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "falisamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "falisō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "falisamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "*felzaz",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/falisaz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "West Proto-Germanic",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"rock, cliff"
],
"id": "en-falisaz-gem-pro-noun-2rRQYuOa",
"links": [
[
"rock",
"rock"
],
[
"cliff",
"cliff"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(West Germanic) rock, cliff"
],
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West",
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "North Proto-Germanic",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"mountain"
],
"id": "en-falisaz-gem-pro-noun-O4DTj3aG",
"links": [
[
"mountain",
"mountain"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(North Germanic) mountain"
],
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"North",
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɸɑ.li.sɑz/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "falisaz"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic a-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from substrate languages"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*falis"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *falis\nOld Saxon: felis\nMiddle Low German: vels\nOld Dutch: *felis\nMiddle Dutch: vels\nDutch: vels\nOld High German: felis, fels, feliso\nMiddle High German: vels, velse\nGerman: Fels, Felsen (often distinguished)\nHunsrik: Fels\nLuxembourgish: Fiels\n→ Vulgar Latin: *falisa, *falesa\nOld French: falise, falese, faleise, faloise\nMiddle French: falize, falise, faleise, faloise, falaise\nFrench: falaise (see there for further descendants)\n→ Medieval Latin: falesa, falisia\nItalian: falesa, falesia",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *falis\nOld Saxon: felis\nMiddle Low German: vels\nOld Dutch: *felis\nMiddle Dutch: vels\nDutch: vels\nOld High German: felis, fels, feliso\nMiddle High German: vels, velse\nGerman: Fels, Felsen (often distinguished)\nHunsrik: Fels\nLuxembourgish: Fiels\n→ Vulgar Latin: *falisa, *falesa\nOld French: falise, falese, faleise, faloise\nMiddle French: falize, falise, faleise, faloise, falaise\nFrench: falaise (see there for further descendants)\n→ Medieval Latin: falesa, falisia\nItalian: falesa, falesia"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "fell",
"3": "fjall"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: fell, fjall",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "fjall",
"noparent": "1"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic: fjall, fell\nFaroese: fjall\nNorwegian Nynorsk: fjell; (dialectal) fjall, fjadd, fjedl\nOld Swedish: fiæl\nSwedish: fjäll\nDanish: fjeld\nNorwegian Bokmål: fjell\n→ Middle English: fell, fel\nScots: fell, fiold\nEnglish: fell",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: fell, fjall (possibly < *felzaz)\nIcelandic: fjall, fell\nFaroese: fjall\nNorwegian Nynorsk: fjell; (dialectal) fjall, fjadd, fjedl\nOld Swedish: fiæl\nSwedish: fjäll\nDanish: fjeld\nNorwegian Bokmål: fjell\n→ Middle English: fell, fel\nScots: fell, fiold\nEnglish: fell"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pels-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pels-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ail",
"3": "",
"4": "boulder, rock"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish ail (“boulder, rock”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸallom",
"3": "",
"4": "cliff"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *ɸallom (“cliff”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पाषाण",
"t": "stone, rock"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit पाषाण (pāṣāṇa, “stone, rock”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ps",
"2": "پرښه",
"3": "",
"tr": "parṣ̌a"
},
"expansion": "Pashto پرښه (parṣ̌a)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old French",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "qfa-sub"
},
"expansion": "substrate",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *pels-, *pelis- (“rock, cliff”), or perhaps an s-stem *pél-es-. Compare Old Irish ail (“boulder, rock”), Proto-Celtic *ɸallom (“cliff”), Sanskrit पाषाण (pāṣāṇa, “stone, rock”) and Pashto پرښه (parṣ̌a). Kroonen suggests reconstructing an acrostatic *pól-s ~ *pél-s-s, with o-grade based especially on the Old French borrowing falise.\nAlternatively from a substrate language; more at πέλλα (pélla).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "falisaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "falisōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "falisōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "falis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "falisōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "falisōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "falisą",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "falisanz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "falisas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "falisis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "falisǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "falisai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "falisamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "falisō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "falisamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "*felzaz",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/falisaz",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"West Proto-Germanic"
],
"glosses": [
"rock, cliff"
],
"links": [
[
"rock",
"rock"
],
[
"cliff",
"cliff"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(West Germanic) rock, cliff"
],
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West",
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"North Proto-Germanic"
],
"glosses": [
"mountain"
],
"links": [
[
"mountain",
"mountain"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(North Germanic) mountain"
],
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"North",
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɸɑ.li.sɑz/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "falisaz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for falisaz meaning in Proto-Germanic (5.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-24 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-04-20 using wiktextract (813e02a and ea19a0a). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.