See burgz in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*burg"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *burg\nOld English: burg, burh\nMiddle English: burgh\nScots: burch, burgh\nEnglish: borough, -borough, Brough, boro, burg, bur-, burgh, bury (as in borough, manor), -bury\n→ English: burh (learned)\nOld Frisian: burch, burich\nSaterland Frisian: Buurich\nWest Frisian: -boarg (in compounds)\nOld Saxon: burg\nMiddle Low German: borch\nGerman Low German: Börg, Borg\nOld Dutch: burg\nMiddle Dutch: borch, burch\nDutch: burg, burcht\nAfrikaans: burg\nLimburgish: bórg, börch\nOld High German: burg\nMiddle High German: burc\nGerman: Burg\nLuxembourgish: Buerg\n→ Late Latin: burgus (see there for further descendants)\n→? Albanian: burg\n→ Old French: borc, burc\nMiddle French: bourg\nFrench: bourg",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *burg\nOld English: burg, burh\nMiddle English: burgh\nScots: burch, burgh\nEnglish: borough, -borough, Brough, boro, burg, bur-, burgh, bury (as in borough, manor), -bury\n→ English: burh (learned)\nOld Frisian: burch, burich\nSaterland Frisian: Buurich\nWest Frisian: -boarg (in compounds)\nOld Saxon: burg\nMiddle Low German: borch\nGerman Low German: Börg, Borg\nOld Dutch: burg\nMiddle Dutch: borch, burch\nDutch: burg, burcht\nAfrikaans: burg\nLimburgish: bórg, börch\nOld High German: burg\nMiddle High German: burc\nGerman: Burg\nLuxembourgish: Buerg\n→ Late Latin: burgus (see there for further descendants)\n→? Albanian: burg\n→ Old French: borc, burc\nMiddle French: bourg\nFrench: bourg"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "borg"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: borg\nIcelandic: borg\nFaroese: borg\nNorwegian Nynorsk: borg; (dialectal) børg\nElfdalian: borg\nOld Swedish: borgh\nSwedish: borg\nDanish: borg\nNorwegian Bokmål: borg\nOld Gutnish: burg, borg",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: borg\nIcelandic: borg\nFaroese: borg\nNorwegian Nynorsk: borg; (dialectal) børg\nElfdalian: borg\nOld Swedish: borgh\nSwedish: borg\nDanish: borg\nNorwegian Bokmål: borg\nOld Gutnish: burg, borg"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃",
"sc": "Goth"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 (baurgs)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 (baurgs)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰerǵʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰérǵʰs",
"t": "something high up and fortified"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰérǵʰs (“something high up and fortified”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰergʰ-",
"4": "",
"5": "to take care of, protect, preserve"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰergʰ- (“to take care of, protect, preserve”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "arx"
},
"expansion": "Latin arx",
"name": "ncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Either:\n* from Proto-Indo-European *bʰérǵʰs (“something high up and fortified”)\n* or from Proto-Indo-European *bʰergʰ- (“to take care of, protect, preserve”).\nBoth theories are formally and semantically reasonable. For a semantic parallel, compare Latin arx, which goes through the meanings of *burgz and of *bergaz (“stronghold, refuge, summit”); perhaps both Indo-European roots conflated and contributed to the proto-Germanic term's development.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "burgz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "burgiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "burg",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "burgiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "burgų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "burgunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "burgiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "burgǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "burgi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "burgumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "burgē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "burgumiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/burgz",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "bergaz"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"fortification, stronghold"
],
"id": "en-burgz-gem-pro-noun-M4U6c-a0",
"links": [
[
"fortification",
"fortification"
],
[
"stronghold",
"stronghold"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 69",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 81",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"city"
],
"id": "en-burgz-gem-pro-noun-EaYsI0Er",
"links": [
[
"fortified",
"fortified"
],
[
"city",
"city"
]
],
"qualifier": "fortified",
"raw_glosses": [
"(fortified) city"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/burɣz/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "burgz"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic consonant stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰerǵʰ-"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*burg"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *burg\nOld English: burg, burh\nMiddle English: burgh\nScots: burch, burgh\nEnglish: borough, -borough, Brough, boro, burg, bur-, burgh, bury (as in borough, manor), -bury\n→ English: burh (learned)\nOld Frisian: burch, burich\nSaterland Frisian: Buurich\nWest Frisian: -boarg (in compounds)\nOld Saxon: burg\nMiddle Low German: borch\nGerman Low German: Börg, Borg\nOld Dutch: burg\nMiddle Dutch: borch, burch\nDutch: burg, burcht\nAfrikaans: burg\nLimburgish: bórg, börch\nOld High German: burg\nMiddle High German: burc\nGerman: Burg\nLuxembourgish: Buerg\n→ Late Latin: burgus (see there for further descendants)\n→? Albanian: burg\n→ Old French: borc, burc\nMiddle French: bourg\nFrench: bourg",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *burg\nOld English: burg, burh\nMiddle English: burgh\nScots: burch, burgh\nEnglish: borough, -borough, Brough, boro, burg, bur-, burgh, bury (as in borough, manor), -bury\n→ English: burh (learned)\nOld Frisian: burch, burich\nSaterland Frisian: Buurich\nWest Frisian: -boarg (in compounds)\nOld Saxon: burg\nMiddle Low German: borch\nGerman Low German: Börg, Borg\nOld Dutch: burg\nMiddle Dutch: borch, burch\nDutch: burg, burcht\nAfrikaans: burg\nLimburgish: bórg, börch\nOld High German: burg\nMiddle High German: burc\nGerman: Burg\nLuxembourgish: Buerg\n→ Late Latin: burgus (see there for further descendants)\n→? Albanian: burg\n→ Old French: borc, burc\nMiddle French: bourg\nFrench: bourg"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "borg"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: borg\nIcelandic: borg\nFaroese: borg\nNorwegian Nynorsk: borg; (dialectal) børg\nElfdalian: borg\nOld Swedish: borgh\nSwedish: borg\nDanish: borg\nNorwegian Bokmål: borg\nOld Gutnish: burg, borg",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: borg\nIcelandic: borg\nFaroese: borg\nNorwegian Nynorsk: borg; (dialectal) børg\nElfdalian: borg\nOld Swedish: borgh\nSwedish: borg\nDanish: borg\nNorwegian Bokmål: borg\nOld Gutnish: burg, borg"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃",
"sc": "Goth"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 (baurgs)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 (baurgs)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰerǵʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰérǵʰs",
"t": "something high up and fortified"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰérǵʰs (“something high up and fortified”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰergʰ-",
"4": "",
"5": "to take care of, protect, preserve"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰergʰ- (“to take care of, protect, preserve”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "arx"
},
"expansion": "Latin arx",
"name": "ncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Either:\n* from Proto-Indo-European *bʰérǵʰs (“something high up and fortified”)\n* or from Proto-Indo-European *bʰergʰ- (“to take care of, protect, preserve”).\nBoth theories are formally and semantically reasonable. For a semantic parallel, compare Latin arx, which goes through the meanings of *burgz and of *bergaz (“stronghold, refuge, summit”); perhaps both Indo-European roots conflated and contributed to the proto-Germanic term's development.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "burgz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "burgiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "burg",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "burgiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "burgų",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "burgunz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "burgiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "burgǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "burgi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "burgumaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "burgē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "burgumiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/burgz",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "bergaz"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"fortification, stronghold"
],
"links": [
[
"fortification",
"fortification"
],
[
"stronghold",
"stronghold"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"city"
],
"links": [
[
"fortified",
"fortified"
],
[
"city",
"city"
]
],
"qualifier": "fortified",
"raw_glosses": [
"(fortified) city"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/burɣz/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
],
"word": "burgz"
}
Download raw JSONL data for burgz meaning in Proto-Germanic (5.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.