See bilją in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "bill",
"3": "bil",
"g2": "n"
},
"expansion": "Old English: bill, bil n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: bill, bil n"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "bil",
"3": "bille",
"4": "bill"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: bil, bille, bill",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: bil, bille, bill"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "bill"
},
"expansion": "Scots: bill",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: bill"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bill"
},
"expansion": "English: bill",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: bill"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "*bile"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: *bile",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "(Old Frisian: *bile)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "bile"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: bile",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "(West Frisian: bile)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "bil",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: bil n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: bil n; (*bīhal; *bīhala)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "bil",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: bil n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: bil n; (bīl n; bīle f)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "Biel",
"g": "n,f"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: Biel n or f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "(German Low German: Biel n or f)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "bil",
"bor": "1",
"t": "axe"
},
"expansion": "→ Danish: bil (“axe”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Danish: bil (“axe”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "bila",
"bor": "1",
"t": "axe"
},
"expansion": "→ Swedish: bila (“axe”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Swedish: bila (“axe”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*billi"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *billi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *billi; (*bīal; *bīala)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "bille"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: bille",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: bille; (bīle, bijl)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "bil"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: bil",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: bil, (bijl)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "byl"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans: byl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "(Afrikaans: byl)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "billi",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: billi n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: billi n; (bīhal n; bīhala f)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "bille",
"3": "bil",
"g2": "n"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: bille, bil n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: bille, bil n; (bīhel, bīel, pīel, bīl, bīle n)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Bille",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "German: Bille f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Bille f; (Beil n)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰeyH-",
"4": "*bʰey(H)-",
"id": "strike",
"t": "to strike; beat"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰey(H)- (“to strike; beat”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "unclear"
},
"expansion": "unclear",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "bíldr",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse bíldr m",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "",
"3": "*bill-"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse *bill-",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably from Proto-Indo-European *bʰey(H)- (“to strike; beat”), but the derivation is unclear; either:\n* consecutive suffixes *-l- and *-yo-m\n* a Verner alternant *billą < *bidlą (or *bīdlą) of *bīþlą (if such a reconstruction is valid; compare Old Norse bíldr m) in the weak stem, but in that case the origin of the ja-stem is unexplained.\nAlternatively, the West Germanic terms were borrowed from unattested Old Norse *bill- < *biþl-, or there is a more complicated borrowing situation within West Germanic.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "bilją",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "biljō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bilją",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "biljō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bilją",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "biljō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "biljas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bilis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "biljǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "biljai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "biljamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "biljō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "biljamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "West Germanic"
},
"expansion": "(West Germanic)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bilją",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "bīþlaz"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "89 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "96 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "95 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "West Proto-Germanic",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a cutting implement; blade; axe; sword"
],
"id": "en-bilją-gem-pro-noun-WggEfWaa",
"links": [
[
"blade",
"blade"
],
[
"axe",
"axe"
],
[
"sword",
"sword"
]
],
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West",
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"spike; peg; nail"
],
"id": "en-bilją-gem-pro-noun-LB0cPq~Y",
"links": [
[
"spike",
"spike"
],
[
"peg",
"peg"
],
[
"nail",
"nail"
]
],
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West",
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbil.jɑ̃/"
}
],
"word": "bilją"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic ja-stem nouns",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic neuter nouns",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms with unknown etymologies",
"West Proto-Germanic"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "bill",
"3": "bil",
"g2": "n"
},
"expansion": "Old English: bill, bil n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: bill, bil n"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "bil",
"3": "bille",
"4": "bill"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: bil, bille, bill",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: bil, bille, bill"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "bill"
},
"expansion": "Scots: bill",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: bill"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bill"
},
"expansion": "English: bill",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: bill"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "*bile"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: *bile",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "(Old Frisian: *bile)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "bile"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: bile",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "(West Frisian: bile)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "bil",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: bil n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: bil n; (*bīhal; *bīhala)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "bil",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: bil n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: bil n; (bīl n; bīle f)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "Biel",
"g": "n,f"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: Biel n or f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "(German Low German: Biel n or f)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "bil",
"bor": "1",
"t": "axe"
},
"expansion": "→ Danish: bil (“axe”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Danish: bil (“axe”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "bila",
"bor": "1",
"t": "axe"
},
"expansion": "→ Swedish: bila (“axe”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Swedish: bila (“axe”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "*billi"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: *billi",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: *billi; (*bīal; *bīala)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "bille"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: bille",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: bille; (bīle, bijl)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "bil"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: bil",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: bil, (bijl)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "byl"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans: byl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "(Afrikaans: byl)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "billi",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: billi n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: billi n; (bīhal n; bīhala f)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "bille",
"3": "bil",
"g2": "n"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: bille, bil n",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: bille, bil n; (bīhel, bīel, pīel, bīl, bīle n)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Bille",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "German: Bille f",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Bille f; (Beil n)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰeyH-",
"4": "*bʰey(H)-",
"id": "strike",
"t": "to strike; beat"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰey(H)- (“to strike; beat”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "unclear"
},
"expansion": "unclear",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "bíldr",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse bíldr m",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "",
"3": "*bill-"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse *bill-",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably from Proto-Indo-European *bʰey(H)- (“to strike; beat”), but the derivation is unclear; either:\n* consecutive suffixes *-l- and *-yo-m\n* a Verner alternant *billą < *bidlą (or *bīdlą) of *bīþlą (if such a reconstruction is valid; compare Old Norse bíldr m) in the weak stem, but in that case the origin of the ja-stem is unexplained.\nAlternatively, the West Germanic terms were borrowed from unattested Old Norse *bill- < *biþl-, or there is a more complicated borrowing situation within West Germanic.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "bilją",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "biljō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bilją",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "biljō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bilją",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "biljō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "biljas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bilis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "biljǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "biljai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "biljamaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "biljō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "biljamiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "West Germanic"
},
"expansion": "(West Germanic)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bilją",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "bīþlaz"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"a cutting implement; blade; axe; sword"
],
"links": [
[
"blade",
"blade"
],
[
"axe",
"axe"
],
[
"sword",
"sword"
]
],
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West",
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"spike; peg; nail"
],
"links": [
[
"spike",
"spike"
],
[
"peg",
"peg"
],
[
"nail",
"nail"
]
],
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"West",
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbil.jɑ̃/"
}
],
"word": "bilją"
}
Download raw JSONL data for bilją meaning in Proto-Germanic (6.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-21 using wiktextract (fef8596 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.