See bōkō in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*bōku"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *bōku\nOld English: bōc\nMiddle English: bok, boc, boke, book, booke, buk, buke\nEnglish: book (see there for further descendants)\nGeordie English: buik, beuk\nScots: buik, beuk, buke, beuck\nYola: buke\nOld Frisian: bōk\nWest Frisian: boeck, boek\nOld Saxon: bōka\nMiddle Low German: bôke\nLow German: Böök, Böke\nDutch Low Saxon: beuk\n→ Dutch: beuk\nOld Dutch: *buoka (in placenames)\nMiddle Dutch: boec\nDutch: boek (only in compounds and placenames, displaced by eastern beuk)\nOld High German: buohha, *buohhia, buocha\nMiddle High German: buoche (possibly conflated with descendant from *bōkō)\nAlemannic German: Buech\nGerman: Buche, Büche\nLuxembourgish: Bich\nVilamovian: bih́łiḱ",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *bōku\nOld English: bōc\nMiddle English: bok, boc, boke, book, booke, buk, buke\nEnglish: book (see there for further descendants)\nGeordie English: buik, beuk\nScots: buik, beuk, buke, beuck\nYola: buke\nOld Frisian: bōk\nWest Frisian: boeck, boek\nOld Saxon: bōka\nMiddle Low German: bôke\nLow German: Böök, Böke\nDutch Low Saxon: beuk\n→ Dutch: beuk\nOld Dutch: *buoka (in placenames)\nMiddle Dutch: boec\nDutch: boek (only in compounds and placenames, displaced by eastern beuk)\nOld High German: buohha, *buohhia, buocha\nMiddle High German: buoche (possibly conflated with descendant from *bōkō)\nAlemannic German: Buech\nGerman: Buche, Büche\nLuxembourgish: Bich\nVilamovian: bih́łiḱ"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "bók",
"id": "beech"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: bók\nIcelandic: bók f\n>? Icelandic: bæki, beyki\nFaroese: bók f\nNorwegian Nynorsk: bok f, bøk m or f\nNorwegian Bokmål: bøk m, bok m or f\nOld Swedish: bōk\nSwedish: bok c\nDanish: bog, bøg c",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: bók\nIcelandic: bók f\n>? Icelandic: bæki, beyki\nFaroese: bók f\nNorwegian Nynorsk: bok f, bøk m or f\nNorwegian Bokmål: bøk m, bok m or f\nOld Swedish: bōk\nSwedish: bok c\nDanish: bog, bøg c"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰 (bōka)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰 (bōka)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "der",
"3": "ine-pro>*bʰeh₂ǵos>beech",
"id": "beech",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵosder.\nProto-Germanic *bōkō",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰeh₂ǵos",
"4": "",
"5": "beech"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵos (“beech”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "φηγός",
"3": "",
"4": "oak"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek φηγός (phēgós, “oak”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "fāgus",
"3": "",
"4": "beech"
},
"expansion": "Latin fāgus (“beech”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Gothic",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "book, writing"
},
"expansion": "“book, writing”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "beech"
},
"expansion": "“beech”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "writing"
},
"expansion": "“writing”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "pre-Germanic",
"name": "pre-Germanic"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵosder.\nProto-Germanic *bōkō\nFrom Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵos (“beech”). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek φηγός (phēgós, “oak”) and Latin fāgus (“beech”).\nThe origin of the senses in Gothic (“book, writing”) is unclear, but they may be transferred by conflation from *bōks f (see there for more), or both senses “beech” and “writing” may have been originally present in both words; in the latter case, *bōkō can safely be derived from *bōks in pre-Germanic.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ō-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkōmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkōmiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bōkō",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "bōks"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"beech"
],
"id": "en-bōkō-gem-pro-noun-hW83h~I7",
"links": [
[
"beech",
"beech"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "East Proto-Germanic",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "15 85",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 87",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 95",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"parents": [
"Entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 94",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [
"Entries with etymology trees",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 98",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"writing, text, book"
],
"id": "en-bōkō-gem-pro-noun-lTsfcdqb",
"links": [
[
"writing",
"writing"
],
[
"text",
"text"
],
[
"book",
"book"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(East Germanic) writing, text, book"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*bōks"
}
],
"tags": [
"East",
"Germanic",
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɔː.kɔː/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Germanic parent language"
],
"word": "bōkō"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"Proto-Germanic entries with etymology trees",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic nouns",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic ō-stem nouns"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*bōku"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *bōku\nOld English: bōc\nMiddle English: bok, boc, boke, book, booke, buk, buke\nEnglish: book (see there for further descendants)\nGeordie English: buik, beuk\nScots: buik, beuk, buke, beuck\nYola: buke\nOld Frisian: bōk\nWest Frisian: boeck, boek\nOld Saxon: bōka\nMiddle Low German: bôke\nLow German: Böök, Böke\nDutch Low Saxon: beuk\n→ Dutch: beuk\nOld Dutch: *buoka (in placenames)\nMiddle Dutch: boec\nDutch: boek (only in compounds and placenames, displaced by eastern beuk)\nOld High German: buohha, *buohhia, buocha\nMiddle High German: buoche (possibly conflated with descendant from *bōkō)\nAlemannic German: Buech\nGerman: Buche, Büche\nLuxembourgish: Bich\nVilamovian: bih́łiḱ",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *bōku\nOld English: bōc\nMiddle English: bok, boc, boke, book, booke, buk, buke\nEnglish: book (see there for further descendants)\nGeordie English: buik, beuk\nScots: buik, beuk, buke, beuck\nYola: buke\nOld Frisian: bōk\nWest Frisian: boeck, boek\nOld Saxon: bōka\nMiddle Low German: bôke\nLow German: Böök, Böke\nDutch Low Saxon: beuk\n→ Dutch: beuk\nOld Dutch: *buoka (in placenames)\nMiddle Dutch: boec\nDutch: boek (only in compounds and placenames, displaced by eastern beuk)\nOld High German: buohha, *buohhia, buocha\nMiddle High German: buoche (possibly conflated with descendant from *bōkō)\nAlemannic German: Buech\nGerman: Buche, Büche\nLuxembourgish: Bich\nVilamovian: bih́łiḱ"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "bók",
"id": "beech"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse: bók\nIcelandic: bók f\n>? Icelandic: bæki, beyki\nFaroese: bók f\nNorwegian Nynorsk: bok f, bøk m or f\nNorwegian Bokmål: bøk m, bok m or f\nOld Swedish: bōk\nSwedish: bok c\nDanish: bog, bøg c",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Norse: bók\nIcelandic: bók f\n>? Icelandic: bæki, beyki\nFaroese: bók f\nNorwegian Nynorsk: bok f, bøk m or f\nNorwegian Bokmål: bøk m, bok m or f\nOld Swedish: bōk\nSwedish: bok c\nDanish: bog, bøg c"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰"
},
"expansion": "Gothic: 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰 (bōka)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gothic: 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰 (bōka)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "der",
"3": "ine-pro>*bʰeh₂ǵos>beech",
"id": "beech",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵosder.\nProto-Germanic *bōkō",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰeh₂ǵos",
"4": "",
"5": "beech"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵos (“beech”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "φηγός",
"3": "",
"4": "oak"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek φηγός (phēgós, “oak”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "fāgus",
"3": "",
"4": "beech"
},
"expansion": "Latin fāgus (“beech”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Gothic",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "book, writing"
},
"expansion": "“book, writing”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "beech"
},
"expansion": "“beech”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "writing"
},
"expansion": "“writing”",
"name": "m-g"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "pre-Germanic",
"name": "pre-Germanic"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵosder.\nProto-Germanic *bōkō\nFrom Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵos (“beech”). The Indo-European root is also the source of Ancient Greek φηγός (phēgós, “oak”) and Latin fāgus (“beech”).\nThe origin of the senses in Gothic (“book, writing”) is unclear, but they may be transferred by conflation from *bōks f (see there for more), or both senses “beech” and “writing” may have been originally present in both words; in the latter case, *bōkō can safely be derived from *bōks in pre-Germanic.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ō-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkōmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bōkōmiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bōkō",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "bōks"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"gem-pro:Beech family plants"
],
"glosses": [
"beech"
],
"links": [
[
"beech",
"beech"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"East Proto-Germanic",
"gem-pro:Writing"
],
"glosses": [
"writing, text, book"
],
"links": [
[
"writing",
"writing"
],
[
"text",
"text"
],
[
"book",
"book"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(East Germanic) writing, text, book"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*bōks"
}
],
"tags": [
"East",
"Germanic",
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɔː.kɔː/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Germanic parent language"
],
"word": "bōkō"
}
Download raw JSONL data for bōkō meaning in Proto-Germanic (6.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (ca09fec and c40eb85). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.