See karhu in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "karu"
},
"expansion": "Estonian: karu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Estonian: karu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "liv",
"2": "karū",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Livonian: karū",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Livonian: karū"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "karhu"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: karhu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: karhu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "karhu"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: karhu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: karhu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krl",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Karelian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karelian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "archaic",
"2": "poetic"
},
"expansion": "(archaic, poetic)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "North Karelian: (archaic, poetic) karhu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "archaic",
"2": "poetic"
},
"expansion": "(archaic, poetic)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "South Karelian: (archaic, poetic) karhu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vro",
"2": "karh",
"3": "kahr"
},
"expansion": "Võro: karh, kahr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Võro: karh, kahr"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vot",
"2": "karu"
},
"expansion": "Votic: karu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Votic: karu"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "*karhëda",
"3": "*u",
"t1": "rough, coarse"
},
"expansion": "*karhëda (“rough, coarse”) + *-u",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hŕ̥ćšas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hŕ̥ćšas",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₂ŕ̥tḱos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥tḱos",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Most likely a euphemistic derivation from *karhëda (“rough, coarse”) + *-u. Alternatively (through earlier *karša-) a possible loan from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hŕ̥ćšas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥tḱos.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "urj-fin-decl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "karhu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhut",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhut",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhudën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuidën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuda",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuida",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhussa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuhna",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuissa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuihna",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhusta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuista",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuhën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuihën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhulla",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuilla",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhulta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuilta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhulën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhulëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuilën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuilëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuna",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuina",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuiksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "karhun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuin",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhunëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuinëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhutta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuitta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "karhu"
},
"name": "urj-fin-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/karhu",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic nominals by type/rounded",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic terms suffixed with *-u",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bear"
],
"id": "en-karhu-urj-fin-pro-noun-vJi7UOgJ",
"links": [
[
"bear",
"bear"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*kontija"
},
{
"word": "*okci"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "karhu"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "karu"
},
"expansion": "Estonian: karu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Estonian: karu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "liv",
"2": "karū",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Livonian: karū",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Livonian: karū"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "karhu"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: karhu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: karhu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "karhu"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: karhu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: karhu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krl",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Karelian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karelian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "archaic",
"2": "poetic"
},
"expansion": "(archaic, poetic)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "North Karelian: (archaic, poetic) karhu"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "archaic",
"2": "poetic"
},
"expansion": "(archaic, poetic)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "South Karelian: (archaic, poetic) karhu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vro",
"2": "karh",
"3": "kahr"
},
"expansion": "Võro: karh, kahr",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Võro: karh, kahr"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vot",
"2": "karu"
},
"expansion": "Votic: karu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Votic: karu"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "*karhëda",
"3": "*u",
"t1": "rough, coarse"
},
"expansion": "*karhëda (“rough, coarse”) + *-u",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*Hŕ̥ćšas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hŕ̥ćšas",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₂ŕ̥tḱos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥tḱos",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Most likely a euphemistic derivation from *karhëda (“rough, coarse”) + *-u. Alternatively (through earlier *karša-) a possible loan from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hŕ̥ćšas, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥tḱos.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "urj-fin-decl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "karhu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhut",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhut",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhudën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuidën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuda",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuida",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhussa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuhna",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuissa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuihna",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhusta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuista",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuhën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuihën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhulla",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuilla",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhulta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuilta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhulën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhulëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuilën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuilëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuna",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuina",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuiksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "karhun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuin",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhunëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuinëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "karhutta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "karhuitta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "karhu"
},
"name": "urj-fin-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/karhu",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Finnic lemmas",
"Proto-Finnic nominals by type/rounded",
"Proto-Finnic nouns",
"Proto-Finnic terms suffixed with *-u",
"urj-fin-pro:Ursids"
],
"glosses": [
"bear"
],
"links": [
[
"bear",
"bear"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*kontija"
},
{
"word": "*okci"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "karhu"
}
Download raw JSONL data for karhu meaning in Proto-Finnic (5.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Finnic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-18 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (e4a2c88 and 4230888). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.