See kalma in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "kalmisto"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "kalm"
},
"expansion": "Estonian: kalm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Estonian: kalm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "kalma"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: kalma",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: kalma"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "kalmat",
"t": "cemetery"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: kalmat (“cemetery”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: kalmat (“cemetery”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krl",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Karelian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karelian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "North Karelian: kalma"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Karelian: kalma"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "liv",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Livonian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Livonian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Courland Livonian: kālma"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Vidzeme Livonian: kālme"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "olo",
"2": "kalmu"
},
"expansion": "Livvi: kalmu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Livvi: kalmu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lud",
"2": "kalm"
},
"expansion": "Ludian: kalm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ludian: kalm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vep",
"2": "kaum",
"3": "koum"
},
"expansion": "Veps: kaum, koum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Veps: kaum, koum"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vro",
"2": "kalm"
},
"expansion": "Võro: kalm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Võro: kalm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vot",
"2": "kalmõ",
"3": "kalmo"
},
"expansion": "Votic: kalmõ, kalmo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Votic: kalmõ, kalmo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "smi-pro",
"2": "*kālmē",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Samic: *kālmē",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Samic: *kālmē (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*kalma",
"4": "",
"5": "grave, death?"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *kalma (“grave, death?”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*kwalmaz",
"4": "killing, death"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kwalmaz (“killing, death”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*kwalm"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kwalm",
"name": "ncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Most likely from Proto-Uralic *kalma (“grave, death?”) (which would make the word a doublet with *koolëma), but compare also Proto-Germanic *kwalmaz (“killing, death”) (Proto-West Germanic *kwalm), *skalmǭ (“plague”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "urj-fin-decl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kalma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmat",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalman",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmat",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalman",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmadën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoidën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmada",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoida",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmassa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmahna",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoissa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoihna",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmasta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoista",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmahën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoihën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmalla",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoilla",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmalta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoilta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmalën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmalëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoilën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoilëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmana",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoina",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmaksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoiksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "kalman",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoin",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmanëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoinëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoitta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kalma"
},
"name": "urj-fin-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/kalma",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic nominals by type/a-oi",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"grave"
],
"id": "en-kalma-urj-fin-pro-noun-6-~hhBcf",
"links": [
[
"grave",
"grave"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "25 25 25 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic nominals by type/a-oi",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"death"
],
"id": "en-kalma-urj-fin-pro-noun-UsjgKYfM",
"links": [
[
"death",
"death"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "kalma"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Finnic lemmas",
"Proto-Finnic nominals by type/a-oi",
"Proto-Finnic nouns",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from Proto-Uralic",
"Proto-Finnic terms inherited from Proto-Uralic",
"urj-fin-pro:Death"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "kalmisto"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "kalm"
},
"expansion": "Estonian: kalm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Estonian: kalm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "kalma"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: kalma",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: kalma"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "kalmat",
"t": "cemetery"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: kalmat (“cemetery”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: kalmat (“cemetery”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krl",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Karelian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karelian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "North Karelian: kalma"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Karelian: kalma"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "liv",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Livonian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Livonian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Courland Livonian: kālma"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Vidzeme Livonian: kālme"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "olo",
"2": "kalmu"
},
"expansion": "Livvi: kalmu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Livvi: kalmu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lud",
"2": "kalm"
},
"expansion": "Ludian: kalm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ludian: kalm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vep",
"2": "kaum",
"3": "koum"
},
"expansion": "Veps: kaum, koum",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Veps: kaum, koum"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vro",
"2": "kalm"
},
"expansion": "Võro: kalm",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Võro: kalm"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vot",
"2": "kalmõ",
"3": "kalmo"
},
"expansion": "Votic: kalmõ, kalmo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Votic: kalmõ, kalmo"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "smi-pro",
"2": "*kālmē",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Samic: *kālmē",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Samic: *kālmē (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*kalma",
"4": "",
"5": "grave, death?"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *kalma (“grave, death?”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*kwalmaz",
"4": "killing, death"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kwalmaz (“killing, death”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*kwalm"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kwalm",
"name": "ncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Most likely from Proto-Uralic *kalma (“grave, death?”) (which would make the word a doublet with *koolëma), but compare also Proto-Germanic *kwalmaz (“killing, death”) (Proto-West Germanic *kwalm), *skalmǭ (“plague”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "urj-fin-decl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kalma",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmat",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalman",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmat",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalman",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmadën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoidën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmada",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoida",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmassa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmahna",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoissa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoihna",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmasta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoista",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmahën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoihën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmalla",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoilla",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmalta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoilta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmalën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmalëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoilën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoilëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmana",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoina",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmaksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoiksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "kalman",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoin",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmanëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoinëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kalmoitta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kalma"
},
"name": "urj-fin-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/kalma",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"grave"
],
"links": [
[
"grave",
"grave"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"death"
],
"links": [
[
"death",
"death"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "kalma"
}
Download raw JSONL data for kalma meaning in Proto-Finnic (6.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Finnic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (eaedd02 and 8fbd9e8). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.