See kallis in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "kallis"
},
"expansion": "Estonian: kallis",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Estonian: kallis"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "kallis"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: kallis",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: kallis"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "kallis"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: kallis",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: kallis"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krl",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Karelian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karelian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "North Karelian: kallis"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Karelian: kallis"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "liv",
"2": "kaĺĺ",
"q": "Salaca"
},
"expansion": "Livonian: (Salaca) kaĺĺ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Livonian: (Salaca) kaĺĺ"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "olo",
"2": "kallis"
},
"expansion": "Livvi: kallis",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Livvi: kallis"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lud",
"2": "kalliž"
},
"expansion": "Ludian: kalliž",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ludian: kalliž"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vep",
"2": "kalliž"
},
"expansion": "Veps: kalliž",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Veps: kalliž"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vro",
"2": "kallis"
},
"expansion": "Võro: kallis",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Võro: kallis"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vot",
"2": "kalliz"
},
"expansion": "Votic: kalliz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Votic: kalliz"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kelH-",
"4": "",
"5": "to rise, protrude"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“to rise, protrude”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "kalnas",
"3": "",
"4": "hill"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian kalnas (“hill”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "hallur",
"3": "",
"4": "cliff"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic hallur (“cliff”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*haldiz",
"4": "",
"5": "rather, dear"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *haldiz (“rather, dear”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "heldr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse heldr",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "hallæri",
"3": "",
"4": "poor harvest"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse hallæri (“poor harvest”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*alja-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *alja-",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "elja",
"3": "",
"4": "concubine"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse elja (“concubine”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*h₂el-yo-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-yo-",
"name": "noncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The shape of the word suggests borrowing, but the exact origin remains unclear. Plötz (2013) suggests derivation either from some Baltic or Germanic descendant of Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“to rise, protrude”) (compare Lithuanian kalnas (“hill”), Icelandic hallur (“cliff”)), through a meaning \"high (in price)\", or as a late loan from an Eastern Norse descendant of Proto-Germanic *haldiz (“rather, dear”) (compare Old Norse heldr).\nEarlier other Germanic loan etymologies have been proposed, with problems either in semantics (compare Old Norse hallæri (“poor harvest”)) or phonetics (Proto-Germanic *alja- seen in Old Norse elja (“concubine”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-yo-).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "urj-fin-decl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kallis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihët",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihët",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallistën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihidën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallista",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihëssa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihëhna",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihissa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihihna",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihësta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihista",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihësën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihisën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihëlla",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihilla",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihëlta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihilta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihëlën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihëlëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihilën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihilëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallissa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihina",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihëksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihiksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihin",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallissëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihinëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihëtta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihitta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kallis"
},
"name": "urj-fin-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/kallis",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"expensive"
],
"id": "en-kallis-urj-fin-pro-adj-88yldf9-",
"links": [
[
"expensive",
"expensive"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 93",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 97",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic nominals by type/Vle, Vne, Vre, Vse",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dear, precious, beloved"
],
"id": "en-kallis-urj-fin-pro-adj-aOw9--TN",
"links": [
[
"dear",
"dear"
],
[
"precious",
"precious"
],
[
"beloved",
"beloved"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "kallis"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Finnic adjectives",
"Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Finnic lemmas",
"Proto-Finnic nominals by type/Vle, Vne, Vre, Vse",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "kallis"
},
"expansion": "Estonian: kallis",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Estonian: kallis"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "kallis"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: kallis",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: kallis"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "kallis"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: kallis",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: kallis"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krl",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Karelian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karelian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "North Karelian: kallis"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Karelian: kallis"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "liv",
"2": "kaĺĺ",
"q": "Salaca"
},
"expansion": "Livonian: (Salaca) kaĺĺ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Livonian: (Salaca) kaĺĺ"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "olo",
"2": "kallis"
},
"expansion": "Livvi: kallis",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Livvi: kallis"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lud",
"2": "kalliž"
},
"expansion": "Ludian: kalliž",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ludian: kalliž"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vep",
"2": "kalliž"
},
"expansion": "Veps: kalliž",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Veps: kalliž"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vro",
"2": "kallis"
},
"expansion": "Võro: kallis",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Võro: kallis"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vot",
"2": "kalliz"
},
"expansion": "Votic: kalliz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Votic: kalliz"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kelH-",
"4": "",
"5": "to rise, protrude"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“to rise, protrude”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "kalnas",
"3": "",
"4": "hill"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian kalnas (“hill”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "hallur",
"3": "",
"4": "cliff"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic hallur (“cliff”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*haldiz",
"4": "",
"5": "rather, dear"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *haldiz (“rather, dear”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "heldr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse heldr",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "hallæri",
"3": "",
"4": "poor harvest"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse hallæri (“poor harvest”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*alja-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *alja-",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "elja",
"3": "",
"4": "concubine"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse elja (“concubine”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*h₂el-yo-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-yo-",
"name": "noncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The shape of the word suggests borrowing, but the exact origin remains unclear. Plötz (2013) suggests derivation either from some Baltic or Germanic descendant of Proto-Indo-European *kelH- (“to rise, protrude”) (compare Lithuanian kalnas (“hill”), Icelandic hallur (“cliff”)), through a meaning \"high (in price)\", or as a late loan from an Eastern Norse descendant of Proto-Germanic *haldiz (“rather, dear”) (compare Old Norse heldr).\nEarlier other Germanic loan etymologies have been proposed, with problems either in semantics (compare Old Norse hallæri (“poor harvest”)) or phonetics (Proto-Germanic *alja- seen in Old Norse elja (“concubine”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-yo-).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "urj-fin-decl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "kallis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihët",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihët",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallistën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihidën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallista",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihëssa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihëhna",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihissa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihihna",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihësta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihista",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihësën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihisën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihëlla",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihilla",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihëlta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihilta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihëlën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihëlëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihilën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihilëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallissa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihina",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihëksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihiksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihin",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallissëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihinëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihëtta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "kallihitta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kallis"
},
"name": "urj-fin-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/kallis",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"expensive"
],
"links": [
[
"expensive",
"expensive"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"dear, precious, beloved"
],
"links": [
[
"dear",
"dear"
],
[
"precious",
"precious"
],
[
"beloved",
"beloved"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "kallis"
}
Download raw JSONL data for kallis meaning in Proto-Finnic (7.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Finnic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-12 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (1c4b89b and 9dbd323). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.