See hamara in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "hamara"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: hamara",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: hamara"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "hamara"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: hamara",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: hamara"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krl",
"2": "hamara"
},
"expansion": "Karelian: hamara",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karelian: hamara"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "olo",
"2": "hamar"
},
"expansion": "Livvi: hamar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Livvi: hamar"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lud",
"2": "hamar"
},
"expansion": "Ludian: hamar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ludian: hamar"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vep",
"2": "hamar"
},
"expansion": "Veps: hamar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Veps: hamar"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vro",
"2": "hamar",
"3": "hammar"
},
"expansion": "Võro: hamar, hammar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Võro: hamar, hammar"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "smi-pro",
"2": "*šëmērē",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Samic: *šëmērē",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Samic: *šëmērē"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*hamaraz",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Proto-Germanic: *hamaraz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→? Proto-Germanic: *hamaraz"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-fpr-pro",
"3": "*šamᴈ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finno-Permic *šamᴈ",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "myv",
"2": "чов"
},
"expansion": "Erzya чов (čov)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mdf",
"2": "шов"
},
"expansion": "Moksha шов (šov)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*hamaraz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hamaraz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*kā́ˀmō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *kā́ˀmō",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "akmuõ"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian akmuõ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "qfa-sub"
},
"expansion": "substrate",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Finno-Permic *šamᴈ. Cognate with Erzya чов (čov), човонэ (čovone) and Moksha шов (šov). Possibly related to Proto-Germanic *hamaraz; both directions of loan, from and into Proto-Germanic, have been proposed. Hyllested speculates on an Indo-European source related to Proto-Balto-Slavic *kā́ˀmō but with regular satemization (compare the survival of doublets like Lithuanian akmuõ, ašmuõ). Alternatively, the Finno-Permic/West Uralic could derive from the Pre-West Uralic agricultural substrate.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "urj-fin-decl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "hamara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarat",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaran",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarat",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaran",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaradën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroidën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarata",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarassa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarahna",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroissa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroihna",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarasta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroista",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarasën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroisën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaralla",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroilla",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaralta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroilta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaralën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaralëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroilën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroilëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarana",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroina",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaraksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroiksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaran",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroin",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaranëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroinëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaratta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroitta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hamara"
},
"name": "urj-fin-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/hamara",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "59 41",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "76 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic nominals by type/a-oi",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"poll, butt (part of the head of an axe)"
],
"id": "en-hamara-urj-fin-pro-noun-MC9BJBh-",
"links": [
[
"poll",
"poll"
],
[
"butt",
"butt"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"spine, back (of a knife)"
],
"id": "en-hamara-urj-fin-pro-noun-C1WkictE",
"links": [
[
"spine",
"spine"
],
[
"back",
"back"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "hamara"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Finnic lemmas",
"Proto-Finnic nominals by type/a-oi",
"Proto-Finnic nouns",
"Proto-Finnic terms borrowed from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from Proto-Finno-Permic",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from substrate languages"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "hamara"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: hamara",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: hamara"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "hamara"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: hamara",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: hamara"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krl",
"2": "hamara"
},
"expansion": "Karelian: hamara",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karelian: hamara"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "olo",
"2": "hamar"
},
"expansion": "Livvi: hamar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Livvi: hamar"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lud",
"2": "hamar"
},
"expansion": "Ludian: hamar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ludian: hamar"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vep",
"2": "hamar"
},
"expansion": "Veps: hamar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Veps: hamar"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vro",
"2": "hamar",
"3": "hammar"
},
"expansion": "Võro: hamar, hammar",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Võro: hamar, hammar"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "smi-pro",
"2": "*šëmērē",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Proto-Samic: *šëmērē",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Proto-Samic: *šëmērē"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*hamaraz",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Proto-Germanic: *hamaraz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→? Proto-Germanic: *hamaraz"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-fpr-pro",
"3": "*šamᴈ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finno-Permic *šamᴈ",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "myv",
"2": "чов"
},
"expansion": "Erzya чов (čov)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mdf",
"2": "шов"
},
"expansion": "Moksha шов (šov)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*hamaraz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hamaraz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*kā́ˀmō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *kā́ˀmō",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "akmuõ"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian akmuõ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "qfa-sub"
},
"expansion": "substrate",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Finno-Permic *šamᴈ. Cognate with Erzya чов (čov), човонэ (čovone) and Moksha шов (šov). Possibly related to Proto-Germanic *hamaraz; both directions of loan, from and into Proto-Germanic, have been proposed. Hyllested speculates on an Indo-European source related to Proto-Balto-Slavic *kā́ˀmō but with regular satemization (compare the survival of doublets like Lithuanian akmuõ, ašmuõ). Alternatively, the Finno-Permic/West Uralic could derive from the Pre-West Uralic agricultural substrate.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "urj-fin-decl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "hamara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarat",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaran",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarat",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaran",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaradën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroidën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarata",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarassa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarahna",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroissa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroihna",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarasta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroista",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarasën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroisën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaralla",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroilla",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaralta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroilta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaralën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaralëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroilën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroilëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamarana",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroina",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaraksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroiksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaran",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroin",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaranëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroinëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaratta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hamaroitta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hamara"
},
"name": "urj-fin-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/hamara",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"poll, butt (part of the head of an axe)"
],
"links": [
[
"poll",
"poll"
],
[
"butt",
"butt"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"spine, back (of a knife)"
],
"links": [
[
"spine",
"spine"
],
[
"back",
"back"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "hamara"
}
Download raw JSONL data for hamara meaning in Proto-Finnic (6.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Finnic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (d49d402 and a5af179). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.