See -uc in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSONL data for -uc meaning in Proto-Finnic (7.3kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "-us"
},
"expansion": "Estonian: -us",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Estonian: -us"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-uus",
"3": "-us",
"id2": "quality"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: -uus, -us",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: -uus, -us"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "-us"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: -us",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: -us"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krl",
"2": "-us"
},
"expansion": "Karelian: -us",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karelian: -us"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vep",
"2": "-uz'"
},
"expansion": "Veps: -uz'",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Veps: -uz'"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vro",
"2": "-us"
},
"expansion": "Võro: -us",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Võro: -us"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vot",
"2": "-uz"
},
"expansion": "Votic: -uz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Votic: -uz"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*-wte"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *-wte",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "smi-pro",
"2": "*-otëk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Samic *-otëk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "se",
"2": "-odat"
},
"expansion": "Northern Sami -odat",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "syd-pro",
"2": "*pirə̂"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Samoyedic *pirə̂",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "smi-pro",
"2": "*vuotë"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Samic *vuotë",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "smi-pro",
"2": "*vuotë"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Samic *vuotë",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*owte"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *owte",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "smi-pro",
"2": "*vuotë"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Samic *vuotë",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kca-eas",
"2": "от"
},
"expansion": "Eastern Khanty от (ot)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "smi-pro",
"2": "*vuotë"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Samic *vuotë",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "uncertain",
"name": "uncertain"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Janhunen (1981) proposed that *-uc is from Proto-Uralic *-wte, from *-w and related to Proto-Samic *-otëk (compare Northern Sami -odat) and Proto-Samoyedic *pirə̂ (< *pide-w-), but Salminen (2014) has cast doubt on this etymology by rejecting the presence of *-w- in the Samoyedic word.\nKorhonen (1981) mentions an alternative etymology that *-uc is a reduction of *vooci (“year”) (and thus cognate with Proto-Samic *vuotë, which would be an early Finnic borrowing), a theory which Hakulinen however rejects on the basis that there is insufficient evidence for the required semantic and phonological development.\nMore recently, Junttila (2019) has written that *-uc could in fact be related to Proto-Samic *vuotë and that the suffix may have originally been an independent back-vocalic word that was used to form compounds. He does not however elaborate on whether this word was *vooci or not, and states that the theory is uncertain as there is no widely accepted etymology for the Finnic and Samic morphemes. Aikio, in his draft of the Uralic Etymological Dictionary, speculates on a possible etymology from Proto-Uralic *owte or *ote, and lists Proto-Samic *vuotë and Eastern Khanty от (ot) as possible cognates. This theory requires *-uuc to be the original primary form. With this in mind, it appears that *-uc is probably somehow related to Proto-Samic *vuotë and that both originate from a common independent word (rather than an affix), but the exact nature of this word and its further origin is as of yet uncertain.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-uc / *-üc",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "urj-fin-decl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-uc",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-udët",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-udën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-udët",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-udën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ut'ën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucidën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-utta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-udëssa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-udëhna",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucissa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucihna",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-udësta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucista",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-udësën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucisën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-udëlla",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucilla",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-udëlta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucilta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-udëlën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-udëlëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucilën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucilëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-unna",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucina",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-udëksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "-uciksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "-udën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucin",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-unnëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucinëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-udëtta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucitta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"head": "*-uc / *-üc"
},
"expansion": "*-uc / *-üc",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-utë"
},
"name": "urj-fin-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-uc",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Finnic nominals by type/Vte",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-ness, -hood"
],
"id": "en--uc-urj-fin-pro-suffix-bVweCBUs",
"links": [
[
"-ness",
"-ness"
],
[
"-hood",
"-hood"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-uc"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "-us"
},
"expansion": "Estonian: -us",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Estonian: -us"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-uus",
"3": "-us",
"id2": "quality"
},
"expansion": "Finnish: -uus, -us",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Finnish: -uus, -us"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "-us"
},
"expansion": "Ingrian: -us",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ingrian: -us"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "krl",
"2": "-us"
},
"expansion": "Karelian: -us",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Karelian: -us"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vep",
"2": "-uz'"
},
"expansion": "Veps: -uz'",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Veps: -uz'"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vro",
"2": "-us"
},
"expansion": "Võro: -us",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Võro: -us"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vot",
"2": "-uz"
},
"expansion": "Votic: -uz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Votic: -uz"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*-wte"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *-wte",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "smi-pro",
"2": "*-otëk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Samic *-otëk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "se",
"2": "-odat"
},
"expansion": "Northern Sami -odat",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "syd-pro",
"2": "*pirə̂"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Samoyedic *pirə̂",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "smi-pro",
"2": "*vuotë"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Samic *vuotë",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "smi-pro",
"2": "*vuotë"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Samic *vuotë",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*owte"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *owte",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "smi-pro",
"2": "*vuotë"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Samic *vuotë",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kca-eas",
"2": "от"
},
"expansion": "Eastern Khanty от (ot)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "smi-pro",
"2": "*vuotë"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Samic *vuotë",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "uncertain",
"name": "uncertain"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Janhunen (1981) proposed that *-uc is from Proto-Uralic *-wte, from *-w and related to Proto-Samic *-otëk (compare Northern Sami -odat) and Proto-Samoyedic *pirə̂ (< *pide-w-), but Salminen (2014) has cast doubt on this etymology by rejecting the presence of *-w- in the Samoyedic word.\nKorhonen (1981) mentions an alternative etymology that *-uc is a reduction of *vooci (“year”) (and thus cognate with Proto-Samic *vuotë, which would be an early Finnic borrowing), a theory which Hakulinen however rejects on the basis that there is insufficient evidence for the required semantic and phonological development.\nMore recently, Junttila (2019) has written that *-uc could in fact be related to Proto-Samic *vuotë and that the suffix may have originally been an independent back-vocalic word that was used to form compounds. He does not however elaborate on whether this word was *vooci or not, and states that the theory is uncertain as there is no widely accepted etymology for the Finnic and Samic morphemes. Aikio, in his draft of the Uralic Etymological Dictionary, speculates on a possible etymology from Proto-Uralic *owte or *ote, and lists Proto-Samic *vuotë and Eastern Khanty от (ot) as possible cognates. This theory requires *-uuc to be the original primary form. With this in mind, it appears that *-uc is probably somehow related to Proto-Samic *vuotë and that both originate from a common independent word (rather than an affix), but the exact nature of this word and its further origin is as of yet uncertain.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-uc / *-üc",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "urj-fin-decl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-uc",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-udët",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-udën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-udët",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-udën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ut'ën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucidën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-utta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-udëssa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-udëhna",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucissa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucihna",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-udësta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucista",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-udësën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucisën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-udëlla",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucilla",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-udëlta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucilta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-udëlën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-udëlëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucilën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucilëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-unna",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucina",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-udëksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "-uciksi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "-udën",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucin",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instructive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-unnëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucinëk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-udëtta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ucitta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"head": "*-uc / *-üc"
},
"expansion": "*-uc / *-üc",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-utë"
},
"name": "urj-fin-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Finnic",
"lang_code": "urj-fin-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-uc",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Finnic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Finnic lemmas",
"Proto-Finnic nominals by type/Vte",
"Proto-Finnic noun-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Finnic suffixes",
"Proto-Finnic terms derived from Proto-Uralic",
"Proto-Finnic terms with unknown etymologies"
],
"glosses": [
"-ness, -hood"
],
"links": [
[
"-ness",
"-ness"
],
[
"-hood",
"-hood"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-uc"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Finnic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-07-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-06-20 using wiktextract (e79c026 and b863ecc). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.