See tundā in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for tundā meaning in Proto-Celtic (5.2kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*tonn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *tonn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic: *tonn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "obt",
"2": "tonnou"
},
"expansion": "Old Breton: tonnou",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Breton: tonnou"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xbm",
"2": "tonn"
},
"expansion": "Middle Breton: tonn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Breton: tonn"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "tonn"
},
"expansion": "Breton: tonn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Breton: tonn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "ton"
},
"expansion": "Cornish: ton",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cornish: ton"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "owl",
"2": "tonnou"
},
"expansion": "Old Welsh: tonnou",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Welsh: tonnou"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "tonn"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh: tonn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Welsh: tonn"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "ton"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: ton",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: ton"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "tonn"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: tonn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: tonn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mga",
"2": "tonn"
},
"expansion": "Middle Irish: tonn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Irish: tonn"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "tonn"
},
"expansion": "Irish: tonn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Irish: tonn"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gv",
"2": "tonn"
},
"expansion": "Manx: tonn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Manx: tonn"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "tonn"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic: tonn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scottish Gaelic: tonn"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)tewd-",
"t": "to hit, beat"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewd- (“to hit, beat”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*tewh₂-",
"t": "to swell"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewd- (“to hit, beat”), as in waves hitting against the shore. Or, it could instead be related to *tondā (“surface, skin”), if the original meaning was the surface of the sea, from *temh₁- (“to cut”).\nZair alternatively reconstructs the term as *tusnā and provides an alternative derivation from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-decl-noun-a-f",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ā-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Feminine ā-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "tundā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tundai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "tundās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tundā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "tundai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "tundās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "tundam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tundai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "tundāms",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tundās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tundous",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "tundom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tundāi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tundābom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "tundābos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tundai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tundābim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "tundābis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*tundā f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tund"
},
"name": "cel-decl-noun-a-f"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/tundā",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"wave, billow"
],
"id": "en-tundā-cel-pro-noun-hn0xnqGm",
"links": [
[
"wave",
"wave"
],
[
"billow",
"billow"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"word": "tundā"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*tonn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *tonn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic: *tonn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "obt",
"2": "tonnou"
},
"expansion": "Old Breton: tonnou",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Breton: tonnou"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xbm",
"2": "tonn"
},
"expansion": "Middle Breton: tonn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Breton: tonn"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "tonn"
},
"expansion": "Breton: tonn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Breton: tonn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "ton"
},
"expansion": "Cornish: ton",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cornish: ton"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "owl",
"2": "tonnou"
},
"expansion": "Old Welsh: tonnou",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Welsh: tonnou"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "tonn"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh: tonn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Welsh: tonn"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "ton"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: ton",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: ton"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "tonn"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: tonn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: tonn"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mga",
"2": "tonn"
},
"expansion": "Middle Irish: tonn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Irish: tonn"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "tonn"
},
"expansion": "Irish: tonn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Irish: tonn"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gv",
"2": "tonn"
},
"expansion": "Manx: tonn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Manx: tonn"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "tonn"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic: tonn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scottish Gaelic: tonn"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)tewd-",
"t": "to hit, beat"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewd- (“to hit, beat”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*tewh₂-",
"t": "to swell"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewd- (“to hit, beat”), as in waves hitting against the shore. Or, it could instead be related to *tondā (“surface, skin”), if the original meaning was the surface of the sea, from *temh₁- (“to cut”).\nZair alternatively reconstructs the term as *tusnā and provides an alternative derivation from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-decl-noun-a-f",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ā-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Feminine ā-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "tundā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tundai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "tundās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tundā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "tundai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "tundās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "tundam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tundai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "tundāms",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tundās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tundous",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "tundom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tundāi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tundābom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "tundābos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tundai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tundābim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "tundābis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*tundā f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tund"
},
"name": "cel-decl-noun-a-f"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/tundā",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Celtic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Celtic lemmas",
"Proto-Celtic nouns",
"Proto-Celtic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Celtic ā-stem nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"wave, billow"
],
"links": [
[
"wave",
"wave"
],
[
"billow",
"billow"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"word": "tundā"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Celtic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (e9e0a99 and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.