See rūnā in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*rrin"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *rrin",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic: *rrin"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "rin"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh: rin",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Welsh: rin"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "rhin"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: rhin",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: rhin"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "rún"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: rún\nIrish: rún\nScottish Gaelic: rùn\nManx: roon",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: rún\nIrish: rún\nScottish Gaelic: rùn\nManx: roon"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*rūnō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūnō",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₃rewH-",
"t": "to roar; grumble; murmur; mumble; whisper"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewH- (“to roar; grumble; murmur; mumble; whisper”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rūmor"
},
"expansion": "Latin rūmor",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἐρέω",
"t": "to ask, tell"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἐρέω (eréō, “to ask, tell”)",
"name": "ncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain; Proto-Germanic *rūnō is either derived from the same source or is itself a loanword from Proto-Celtic. Matasovic is skeptical of connections to Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewH- (“to roar; grumble; murmur; mumble; whisper”) (whence Latin rūmor) and to Ancient Greek ἐρέω (eréō, “to ask, tell”), and appears to prefer a borrowing from a common substrate language.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-decl-noun-a-f",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ā-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Feminine ā-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnāms",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnous",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnāi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnābom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnābos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnābim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnābis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*rūnā f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rūn"
},
"name": "cel-decl-noun-a-f"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/rūnā",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "komrūnos"
}
],
"glosses": [
"secret, mystery"
],
"id": "en-rūnā-cel-pro-noun-AXwCi3fC",
"links": [
[
"secret",
"secret"
],
[
"mystery",
"mystery"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"word": "rūnā"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "komrūnos"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-bry-pro",
"2": "*rrin"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic: *rrin",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Brythonic: *rrin"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wlm",
"2": "rin"
},
"expansion": "Middle Welsh: rin",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Welsh: rin"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "rhin"
},
"expansion": "Welsh: rhin",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Welsh: rhin"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "rún"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: rún\nIrish: rún\nScottish Gaelic: rùn\nManx: roon",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: rún\nIrish: rún\nScottish Gaelic: rùn\nManx: roon"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*rūnō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūnō",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₃rewH-",
"t": "to roar; grumble; murmur; mumble; whisper"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewH- (“to roar; grumble; murmur; mumble; whisper”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rūmor"
},
"expansion": "Latin rūmor",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἐρέω",
"t": "to ask, tell"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἐρέω (eréō, “to ask, tell”)",
"name": "ncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain; Proto-Germanic *rūnō is either derived from the same source or is itself a loanword from Proto-Celtic. Matasovic is skeptical of connections to Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewH- (“to roar; grumble; murmur; mumble; whisper”) (whence Latin rūmor) and to Ancient Greek ἐρέω (eréō, “to ask, tell”), and appears to prefer a borrowing from a common substrate language.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-decl-noun-a-f",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ā-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Feminine ā-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnāms",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnous",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnāi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnābom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnābos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnābim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "rūnābis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*rūnā f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rūn"
},
"name": "cel-decl-noun-a-f"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/rūnā",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Celtic feminine nouns",
"Proto-Celtic lemmas",
"Proto-Celtic nouns",
"Proto-Celtic terms with unknown etymologies",
"Proto-Celtic ā-stem nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"secret, mystery"
],
"links": [
[
"secret",
"secret"
],
[
"mystery",
"mystery"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers"
]
}
],
"word": "rūnā"
}
Download raw JSONL data for rūnā meaning in Proto-Celtic (4.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Celtic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (b941637 and 4230888). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.