See káuˀlas in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Latgalian",
"lang_code": "ltg",
"word": "kauls"
},
{
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"word": "kaũls"
},
{
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"lang_code": "lt",
"word": "káulas"
}
],
"lang": "East Baltic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*keh₂ulós"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *keh₂ulós",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "καυλός",
"t": "stem, pole"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek καυλός (kaulós, “stem, pole”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *keh₂ulós, with accent retraction due to Hirt's law. Cognate with Ancient Greek καυλός (kaulós, “stem, pole”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "lg",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlōˀ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlai⁽ˀ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlan",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlōˀ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlō⁽ˀ⁾ns",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlāu⁽ˀ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlāu⁽ˀ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlaišu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlamā⁽ˀ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlamas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlōˀ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlamāˀ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlōis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀle",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlōˀ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlai⁽ˀ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "*káuˀlas m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Balto-Slavic/káuˀlas",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Balto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Balto-Slavic nominals with fixed accent",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bone"
],
"id": "en-káuˀlas-ine-bsl-pro-noun-yNrPZX~p",
"links": [
[
"bone",
"bone"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "káuˀlas"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Latgalian",
"lang_code": "ltg",
"word": "kauls"
},
{
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"word": "kaũls"
},
{
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"lang_code": "lt",
"word": "káulas"
}
],
"lang": "East Baltic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*keh₂ulós"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *keh₂ulós",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "καυλός",
"t": "stem, pole"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek καυλός (kaulós, “stem, pole”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *keh₂ulós, with accent retraction due to Hirt's law. Cognate with Ancient Greek καυλός (kaulós, “stem, pole”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "lg",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlōˀ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlai⁽ˀ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlan",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlōˀ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlō⁽ˀ⁾ns",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlāu⁽ˀ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlōn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlāu⁽ˀ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlaišu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlamā⁽ˀ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlamas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlōˀ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlamāˀ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlōis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀle",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlōˀ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "káuˀlai⁽ˀ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "noun",
"cat2": "",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "*káuˀlas m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Balto-Slavic/káuˀlas",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Balto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Balto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Balto-Slavic masculine nouns",
"Proto-Balto-Slavic nominals with fixed accent",
"Proto-Balto-Slavic nouns",
"Proto-Balto-Slavic o-stem nouns",
"Proto-Balto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Balto-Slavic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"glosses": [
"bone"
],
"links": [
[
"bone",
"bone"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "káuˀlas"
}
Download raw JSONL data for káuˀlas meaning in Proto-Balto-Slavic (3.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Balto-Slavic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-10-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-10-01 using wiktextract (c8bd62c and a979ada). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.