"filho" meaning in Portuguese

See filho in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /ˈfi.ʎu/, /ˈfij/ (note: Rural Central Brazil), /ˈfi.jʷ/ (note: Rural Central Brazil) Audio: Pt-filho.ogg [Portugal] Forms: filhos [plural], filha [feminine], filhas [feminine, plural]
Rhymes: -iʎu Etymology: Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese filho (“son”), from Latin fīlius (“son”), from Old Latin fīlios (“son”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁y-li-os (“sucker”), a derivation from the verbal root *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suck”). Compare Galician fillo and Spanish hijo. Etymology templates: {{glossary|Inherited}} Inherited, {{inh|pt|roa-opt|filho||son|g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} Old Galician-Portuguese filho (“son”), {{inh+|pt|roa-opt|filho||son}} Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese filho (“son”), {{inh|pt|la|fīlius|5=son}} Latin fīlius (“son”), {{inh|pt|itc-ola|fīlios||son}} Old Latin fīlios (“son”), {{inh|pt|ine-pro||*dʰeh₁y-li-os|sucker}} Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁y-li-os (“sucker”), {{m|ine-pro|*dʰeh₁(y)-||to suck}} *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suck”), {{cog|gl|fillo}} Galician fillo, {{cog|es|hijo}} Spanish hijo Head templates: {{pt-noun|m|f=+}} filho m (plural filhos, feminine filha, feminine plural filhas)
  1. son (male offspring) Tags: masculine
    Sense id: en-filho-pt-noun-pt:male_offspring
  2. child (offspring of any sex) Tags: masculine
    Sense id: en-filho-pt-noun-pt:any_offspring Categories (other): Portuguese entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Portuguese entries with incorrect language header: 8 15 20 19 19 19
  3. (informal) son (term of address for a younger male) Tags: informal, masculine Synonyms (used to address a younger male): rapaz, jovem
    Sense id: en-filho-pt-noun-pt:term_of_address Categories (other): Portuguese entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Portuguese entries with incorrect language header: 8 15 20 19 19 19 Disambiguation of 'used to address a younger male': 31 0 65 0 2 1
  4. (somewhat poetic) son; child (any descendant) Tags: masculine, poetic Synonyms (descendant): descendente
    Sense id: en-filho-pt-noun-pt:descendant Categories (other): Portuguese entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Portuguese entries with incorrect language header: 8 15 20 19 19 19 Disambiguation of 'descendant': 19 23 1 42 5 10
  5. child (any person or thing heavily influenced by something else) Tags: masculine
    Sense id: en-filho-pt-noun-pt:influenced_person_or_thing Categories (other): Portuguese entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Portuguese entries with incorrect language header: 8 15 20 19 19 19
  6. (graph theory) child (a node, of a tree, that has a parent node) Tags: masculine Categories (topical): Graph theory
    Sense id: en-filho-pt-noun-pt:child_node Categories (other): Portuguese entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Portuguese entries with incorrect language header: 8 15 20 19 19 19 Topics: graph-theory, mathematics, sciences
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: fio [Caipira, pronunciation-spelling], fi [pronunciation-spelling] Synonyms (offspring): rebento Derived forms: filhão [augmentative], filhinho [diminutive], filho da mãe, filho da puta, filho de Deus, filho de santo, meu filho Related terms: afilhação, afilhado, afilhar, filhar, filhote, filiação, filial, filiar
Disambiguation of 'offspring': 34 35 3 17 3 8

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

Download JSON data for filho meaning in Portuguese (6.9kB)

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "tags": [
        "augmentative"
      ],
      "word": "filhão"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "tags": [
        "diminutive"
      ],
      "word": "filhinho"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "filho da mãe"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "filho da puta"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "filho de Deus"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "filho de santo"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "meu filho"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pov",
            "2": "fidju"
          },
          "expansion": "Guinea-Bissau Creole: fidju",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Guinea-Bissau Creole: fidju"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "idb",
            "2": "filh"
          },
          "expansion": "Indo-Portuguese: filh",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Indo-Portuguese: filh"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "kea",
            "2": "fidju"
          },
          "expansion": "Kabuverdianu: fidju",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Kabuverdianu: fidju"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pt",
        "2": "roa-opt",
        "3": "filho",
        "4": "",
        "5": "son",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese filho (“son”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pt",
        "2": "roa-opt",
        "3": "filho",
        "4": "",
        "5": "son"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese filho (“son”)",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pt",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "fīlius",
        "5": "son"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin fīlius (“son”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pt",
        "2": "itc-ola",
        "3": "fīlios",
        "4": "",
        "5": "son"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Latin fīlios (“son”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pt",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*dʰeh₁y-li-os",
        "5": "sucker"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁y-li-os (“sucker”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*dʰeh₁(y)-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to suck"
      },
      "expansion": "*dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suck”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gl",
        "2": "fillo"
      },
      "expansion": "Galician fillo",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "es",
        "2": "hijo"
      },
      "expansion": "Spanish hijo",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese filho (“son”), from Latin fīlius (“son”), from Old Latin fīlios (“son”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁y-li-os (“sucker”), a derivation from the verbal root *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suck”). Compare Galician fillo and Spanish hijo.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "filhos",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "filha",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "filhas",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m",
        "f": "+"
      },
      "expansion": "filho m (plural filhos, feminine filha, feminine plural filhas)",
      "name": "pt-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "fi‧lho"
  ],
  "lang": "Portuguese",
  "lang_code": "pt",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "afilhação"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "afilhado"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "afilhar"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "filhar"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "filhote"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "filiação"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "filial"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "filiar"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "son (male offspring)"
      ],
      "id": "en-filho-pt-noun-pt:male_offspring",
      "links": [
        [
          "son",
          "son"
        ]
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "pt:male offspring"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "8 15 20 19 19 19",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "child (offspring of any sex)"
      ],
      "id": "en-filho-pt-noun-pt:any_offspring",
      "links": [
        [
          "child",
          "child"
        ]
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "pt:any offspring"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "8 15 20 19 19 19",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "son (term of address for a younger male)"
      ],
      "id": "en-filho-pt-noun-pt:term_of_address",
      "links": [
        [
          "son",
          "son"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(informal) son (term of address for a younger male)"
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "pt:term of address"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "_dis1": "31 0 65 0 2 1",
          "sense": "used to address a younger male",
          "word": "rapaz"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "31 0 65 0 2 1",
          "sense": "used to address a younger male",
          "word": "jovem"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "8 15 20 19 19 19",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "son; child (any descendant)"
      ],
      "id": "en-filho-pt-noun-pt:descendant",
      "links": [
        [
          "poetic",
          "poetic"
        ],
        [
          "son",
          "son"
        ],
        [
          "child",
          "child"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(somewhat poetic) son; child (any descendant)"
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "pt:descendant"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "_dis1": "19 23 1 42 5 10",
          "sense": "descendant",
          "word": "descendente"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "poetic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "8 15 20 19 19 19",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "child (any person or thing heavily influenced by something else)"
      ],
      "id": "en-filho-pt-noun-pt:influenced_person_or_thing",
      "links": [
        [
          "child",
          "child"
        ]
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "pt:influenced person or thing"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "pt",
          "name": "Graph theory",
          "orig": "pt:Graph theory",
          "parents": [
            "Mathematics",
            "Visualization",
            "Formal sciences",
            "Computing",
            "Interdisciplinary fields",
            "Sciences",
            "Technology",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 15 20 19 19 19",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "child (a node, of a tree, that has a parent node)"
      ],
      "id": "en-filho-pt-noun-pt:child_node",
      "links": [
        [
          "graph theory",
          "graph theory"
        ],
        [
          "child",
          "child"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(graph theory) child (a node, of a tree, that has a parent node)"
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "pt:child node"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "graph-theory",
        "mathematics",
        "sciences"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈfi.ʎu/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈfij/",
      "note": "Rural Central Brazil"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈfi.jʷ/",
      "note": "Rural Central Brazil"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-iʎu"
    },
    {
      "homophone": "filo (Madeira)"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Pt-filho.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Pt-filho.ogg/Pt-filho.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Pt-filho.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "Portugal"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (Portugal)"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "34 35 3 17 3 8",
      "sense": "offspring",
      "word": "rebento"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "tags": [
        "Caipira",
        "pronunciation-spelling"
      ],
      "word": "fio"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "tags": [
        "pronunciation-spelling"
      ],
      "word": "fi"
    }
  ],
  "word": "filho"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Portuguese 1-syllable words",
    "Portuguese 2-syllable words",
    "Portuguese countable nouns",
    "Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Portuguese lemmas",
    "Portuguese masculine nouns",
    "Portuguese nouns",
    "Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Portuguese terms with audio links",
    "Portuguese terms with homophones",
    "Rhymes:Portuguese/iʎu",
    "Rhymes:Portuguese/iʎu/2 syllables"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "augmentative"
      ],
      "word": "filhão"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "diminutive"
      ],
      "word": "filhinho"
    },
    {
      "word": "filho da mãe"
    },
    {
      "word": "filho da puta"
    },
    {
      "word": "filho de Deus"
    },
    {
      "word": "filho de santo"
    },
    {
      "word": "meu filho"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pov",
            "2": "fidju"
          },
          "expansion": "Guinea-Bissau Creole: fidju",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Guinea-Bissau Creole: fidju"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "idb",
            "2": "filh"
          },
          "expansion": "Indo-Portuguese: filh",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Indo-Portuguese: filh"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "kea",
            "2": "fidju"
          },
          "expansion": "Kabuverdianu: fidju",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Kabuverdianu: fidju"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pt",
        "2": "roa-opt",
        "3": "filho",
        "4": "",
        "5": "son",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese filho (“son”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pt",
        "2": "roa-opt",
        "3": "filho",
        "4": "",
        "5": "son"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese filho (“son”)",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pt",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "fīlius",
        "5": "son"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin fīlius (“son”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pt",
        "2": "itc-ola",
        "3": "fīlios",
        "4": "",
        "5": "son"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Latin fīlios (“son”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pt",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*dʰeh₁y-li-os",
        "5": "sucker"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁y-li-os (“sucker”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ine-pro",
        "2": "*dʰeh₁(y)-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to suck"
      },
      "expansion": "*dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suck”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gl",
        "2": "fillo"
      },
      "expansion": "Galician fillo",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "es",
        "2": "hijo"
      },
      "expansion": "Spanish hijo",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese filho (“son”), from Latin fīlius (“son”), from Old Latin fīlios (“son”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁y-li-os (“sucker”), a derivation from the verbal root *dʰeh₁(y)- (“to suck”). Compare Galician fillo and Spanish hijo.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "filhos",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "filha",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "filhas",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m",
        "f": "+"
      },
      "expansion": "filho m (plural filhos, feminine filha, feminine plural filhas)",
      "name": "pt-noun"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "fi‧lho"
  ],
  "lang": "Portuguese",
  "lang_code": "pt",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "afilhação"
    },
    {
      "word": "afilhado"
    },
    {
      "word": "afilhar"
    },
    {
      "word": "filhar"
    },
    {
      "word": "filhote"
    },
    {
      "word": "filiação"
    },
    {
      "word": "filial"
    },
    {
      "word": "filiar"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "son (male offspring)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "son",
          "son"
        ]
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "pt:male offspring"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "child (offspring of any sex)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "child",
          "child"
        ]
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "pt:any offspring"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Portuguese informal terms"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "son (term of address for a younger male)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "son",
          "son"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(informal) son (term of address for a younger male)"
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "pt:term of address"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "informal",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Portuguese poetic terms"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "son; child (any descendant)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "poetic",
          "poetic"
        ],
        [
          "son",
          "son"
        ],
        [
          "child",
          "child"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(somewhat poetic) son; child (any descendant)"
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "pt:descendant"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "poetic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "child (any person or thing heavily influenced by something else)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "child",
          "child"
        ]
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "pt:influenced person or thing"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "pt:Graph theory"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "child (a node, of a tree, that has a parent node)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "graph theory",
          "graph theory"
        ],
        [
          "child",
          "child"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(graph theory) child (a node, of a tree, that has a parent node)"
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "pt:child node"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "graph-theory",
        "mathematics",
        "sciences"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈfi.ʎu/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈfij/",
      "note": "Rural Central Brazil"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈfi.jʷ/",
      "note": "Rural Central Brazil"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-iʎu"
    },
    {
      "homophone": "filo (Madeira)"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Pt-filho.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Pt-filho.ogg/Pt-filho.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Pt-filho.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "Portugal"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (Portugal)"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "sense": "offspring",
      "word": "rebento"
    },
    {
      "sense": "used to address a younger male",
      "word": "rapaz"
    },
    {
      "sense": "used to address a younger male",
      "word": "jovem"
    },
    {
      "sense": "descendant",
      "word": "descendente"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Caipira",
        "pronunciation-spelling"
      ],
      "word": "fio"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "pronunciation-spelling"
      ],
      "word": "fi"
    }
  ],
  "word": "filho"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Portuguese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-03-12 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-03-01 using wiktextract (68773ab and 5f6ddbb). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.