See ćma in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "ćma barowa"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "inh",
"3": "zlw-opl>ćma>darkness",
"id": "moth",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *temH-\nProto-Balto-Slavic *tímāˀ\nProto-Slavic *tьma\nOld Polish ćma\nPolish ćma",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "ćma",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Polish ćma",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "ćma"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish ćma",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *temH-\nProto-Balto-Slavic *tímāˀ\nProto-Slavic *tьma\nOld Polish ćma\nPolish ćma\nInherited from Old Polish ćma. The \"moth\" sense, apparently unattested in Old Polish, appears to be a semantic extension of the \"darkness\" sense, due to moths being nocturnal creatures with generally dark coloration.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ćma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ćmy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ćmy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ciem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ćmie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ćmom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ćmę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ćmy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ćmą",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ćmami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ćmie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ćmach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ćmo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ćmy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "ćma f",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ćma"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"genp": "ciem"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-f"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "gąsienica"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "motyl"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 23 27 27 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Light",
"orig": "pl:Light",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 78 4 14 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Moths",
"orig": "pl:Moths",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"moth"
],
"id": "en-ćma-pl-noun-GcPW5PXI",
"links": [
[
"moth",
"moth"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Żywiec Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "23 23 27 27 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Light",
"orig": "pl:Light",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"darkness"
],
"id": "en-ćma-pl-noun-FCcr02HJ",
"links": [
[
"darkness",
"darkness"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic or dialectal, Żywiec) darkness"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 15 60 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 6 6 72 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 15 59 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 9 77 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 9 76 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 22 25 31 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Collectives",
"orig": "pl:Collectives",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 23 27 27 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Light",
"orig": "pl:Light",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 18 18 57 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Male people",
"orig": "pl:Male people",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"swarm, crowd"
],
"id": "en-ćma-pl-noun-kH1eZl3r",
"links": [
[
"swarm",
"swarm"
],
[
"crowd",
"crowd"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) swarm, crowd"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"literary"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Crime",
"orig": "pl:Crime",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 9 8 66",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Prostitution",
"orig": "pl:Prostitution",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"prostitute"
],
"id": "en-ćma-pl-noun-um-wGpPt",
"links": [
[
"criminal",
"criminal"
],
[
"slang",
"slang"
],
[
"prostitute",
"prostitute"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(criminal slang) prostitute"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"slang"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡ɕma/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡ɕma/",
"note": "Żywiec"
},
{
"rhymes": "-a"
}
],
"word": "ćma"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "nonlemma"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "adjective form"
},
"expansion": "ćma",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ćma"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 23 27 27 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Light",
"orig": "pl:Light",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "ćmy"
}
],
"glosses": [
"feminine nominative/vocative singular of ćmy"
],
"id": "en-ćma-pl-adj-Ax57GC6x",
"links": [
[
"ćmy",
"ćmy#Polish"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"form-of",
"nominative",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡ɕma/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡ɕma/",
"note": "Żywiec"
},
{
"rhymes": "-a"
}
],
"word": "ćma"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 1-syllable words",
"Polish adjective forms",
"Polish entries with etymology trees",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish feminine nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish non-lemma forms",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish terms derived from Old Polish",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *temH-",
"Polish terms inherited from Old Polish",
"Polish terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Polish terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Rhymes:Polish/a",
"Rhymes:Polish/a/1 syllable",
"pl:Collectives",
"pl:Light",
"pl:Male people",
"pl:Moths",
"pl:Prostitution"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "ćma barowa"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "inh",
"3": "zlw-opl>ćma>darkness",
"id": "moth",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *temH-\nProto-Balto-Slavic *tímāˀ\nProto-Slavic *tьma\nOld Polish ćma\nPolish ćma",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "ćma",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Polish ćma",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "ćma"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish ćma",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *temH-\nProto-Balto-Slavic *tímāˀ\nProto-Slavic *tьma\nOld Polish ćma\nPolish ćma\nInherited from Old Polish ćma. The \"moth\" sense, apparently unattested in Old Polish, appears to be a semantic extension of the \"darkness\" sense, due to moths being nocturnal creatures with generally dark coloration.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ćma",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ćmy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ćmy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ciem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ćmie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ćmom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ćmę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ćmy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ćmą",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ćmami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ćmie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ćmach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ćmo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "ćmy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "ćma f",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ćma"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"genp": "ciem"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-f"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "gąsienica"
},
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "motyl"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"moth"
],
"links": [
[
"moth",
"moth"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish dialectal terms",
"Polish terms with archaic senses",
"Żywiec Polish"
],
"glosses": [
"darkness"
],
"links": [
[
"darkness",
"darkness"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic or dialectal, Żywiec) darkness"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish literary terms"
],
"glosses": [
"swarm, crowd"
],
"links": [
[
"swarm",
"swarm"
],
[
"crowd",
"crowd"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) swarm, crowd"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"literary"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish criminal slang",
"pl:Crime"
],
"glosses": [
"prostitute"
],
"links": [
[
"criminal",
"criminal"
],
[
"slang",
"slang"
],
[
"prostitute",
"prostitute"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(criminal slang) prostitute"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"slang"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡ɕma/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡ɕma/",
"note": "Żywiec"
},
{
"rhymes": "-a"
}
],
"word": "ćma"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 1-syllable words",
"Polish adjective forms",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish non-lemma forms",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Rhymes:Polish/a",
"Rhymes:Polish/a/1 syllable",
"pl:Collectives",
"pl:Light",
"pl:Male people",
"pl:Moths",
"pl:Prostitution"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "nonlemma"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "adjective form"
},
"expansion": "ćma",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ćma"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "ćmy"
}
],
"glosses": [
"feminine nominative/vocative singular of ćmy"
],
"links": [
[
"ćmy",
"ćmy#Polish"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"form-of",
"nominative",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡ɕma/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈt͡ɕma/",
"note": "Żywiec"
},
{
"rhymes": "-a"
}
],
"word": "ćma"
}
Download raw JSONL data for ćma meaning in Polish (5.7kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: archaic or dialectal, Żywiec",
"path": [
"ćma"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "ćma",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: archaic or dialectal, Żywiec",
"path": [
"ćma"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "ćma",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Polish dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (58c391d and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.