See nad in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "nad-"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "inh",
"3": "zlw-opl>nad>above",
"id": "above",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Slavic *nadъ\nOld Polish nad\nPolish nad",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "nad",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Polish nad",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "nad"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish nad",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Slavic *nadъ\nOld Polish nad\nPolish nad\nInherited from Old Polish nad.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "nade",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "preposition"
},
"expansion": "nad",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"nad"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "prep",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 10 10 11 14 9 9 15 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish prepositions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Above the desk hangs a beautiful painting.",
"text": "Nad biurkiem wisi piękny obraz.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"denotes location; above, over"
],
"id": "en-nad-pl-prep-867k9fAj",
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "ins"
},
"expansion": "[with instrumental]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"instrumental"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"above",
"above"
],
[
"over",
"over"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"denotes location; above, over [with instrumental]"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ponad"
},
{
"word": "powyżej"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 10 10 11 14 9 9 15 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish prepositions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "They live in a big house by the sea.",
"text": "Mieszkają w dużym domu nad morzem.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Opole lies on the Oder.",
"text": "Opole leży nad Odrą.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"denotes location, particularly in relation to a body of water; on, by"
],
"id": "en-nad-pl-prep-jNC3S~eB",
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "ins"
},
"expansion": "[with instrumental]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"instrumental"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"on",
"on"
],
[
"by",
"by"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"denotes location, particularly in relation to a body of water; on, by [with instrumental]"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Put your hands above your head!",
"text": "Podnieś ręce nad głowę!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"denotes motion; to above, to over"
],
"id": "en-nad-pl-prep-8Cpe1IO0",
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "acc"
},
"expansion": "[with accusative]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"accusative"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"above",
"above"
],
[
"over",
"over"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"denotes motion; to above, to over [with accusative]"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ponad"
},
{
"word": "powyżej"
}
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "znad"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 10 10 11 14 9 9 15 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish prepositions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "We're going to the lake on Sunday.",
"text": "W niedzielę jedziemy nad jezioro.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"denotes movement, particularly in relation to a body of water; to"
],
"id": "en-nad-pl-prep-mrRlii-i",
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "acc"
},
"expansion": "[with accusative]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"accusative"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"to",
"to"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"denotes movement, particularly in relation to a body of water; to [with accusative]"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chełmno Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "2 0 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 3 4 2 1 1 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 6 1 1 2 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 17 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 4 2 1 1 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 6 1 1 2 1 0 0 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 2 1 2 1 4 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 7 9 10 28 7 7 13 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [
"Entries with etymology trees",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 7 9 11 29 7 8 12 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 10 11 14 9 9 15 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish prepositions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"denotes position in comparison; than; over"
],
"id": "en-nad-pl-prep-s2TWVDB9",
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "acc"
},
"expansion": "[with accusative]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"accusative"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"than",
"than"
],
[
"over",
"over"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary or dialectal, Chełmno) denotes position in comparison; than; over [with accusative]"
],
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"literary"
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "pod"
}
],
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The teacher skillfully keeps control over the class.",
"text": "Nauczyciel umiejętnie panuje nad klasą.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"over (indicates relative status, authority or power)"
],
"id": "en-nad-pl-prep-S~7Yw6mE",
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "ins"
},
"expansion": "[with instrumental]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"instrumental"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"over",
"over"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"over (indicates relative status, authority or power) [with instrumental]"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I love it to death/more than life itself/more than anything in the world.",
"text": "Kocham to nad życie.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"denotes highest degree of intensity of an action or state;"
],
"id": "en-nad-pl-prep-v1Ez5nc0",
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) denotes highest degree of intensity of an action or state;"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ponad"
}
],
"tags": [
"literary"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 10 10 11 14 9 9 15 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish prepositions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I'm working on a script for a new film.",
"text": "Pracuję nad scenariuszem do nowego filmu.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"denotes subject of activities; on"
],
"id": "en-nad-pl-prep-nIW1JGcR",
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "ins"
},
"expansion": "[with instrumental]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"instrumental"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"on",
"on"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"denotes subject of activities; on [with instrumental]"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 10 10 11 14 9 9 15 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish prepositions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Oh, I dream of the greatest of all pizzas!",
"text": "Oj, marzy mi się pizza nad pizzami!",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Zawisza Czarny, a knight of the knights, was killed after being captured by the Turks.",
"text": "Zawisza Czarny, rycerz nad rycerzami, zginął po wzięciu do tureckiej niewoli.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; the greatest of all, of"
],
"id": "en-nad-pl-prep-lPjLHoHT",
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "ins/acc<q:stylized>"
},
"expansion": "[with instrumental or (stylized) accusative]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"instrumental"
],
"words": [
"(stylized)",
"accusative"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"the greatest of all",
"great"
],
[
"of",
"of"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; the greatest of all, of [with instrumental or (stylized) accusative]"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈnat/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈnat/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈnat/",
"note": "Chełmno-Dobrzyń"
},
{
"rhymes": "-at"
},
{
"homophone": "nad-"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pl:Ida Kurcz"
],
"word": "nad"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 17 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 1-syllable words",
"Polish entries with etymology trees",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish prepositions",
"Polish terms derived from Old Polish",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms inherited from Old Polish",
"Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Polish terms with homophones",
"Rhymes:Polish/at",
"Rhymes:Polish/at/1 syllable"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "nad-"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "inh",
"3": "zlw-opl>nad>above",
"id": "above",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Slavic *nadъ\nOld Polish nad\nPolish nad",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "nad",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Polish nad",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "nad"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish nad",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Slavic *nadъ\nOld Polish nad\nPolish nad\nInherited from Old Polish nad.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "nade",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "preposition"
},
"expansion": "nad",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"nad"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "prep",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Above the desk hangs a beautiful painting.",
"text": "Nad biurkiem wisi piękny obraz.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"denotes location; above, over"
],
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "ins"
},
"expansion": "[with instrumental]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"instrumental"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"above",
"above"
],
[
"over",
"over"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"denotes location; above, over [with instrumental]"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ponad"
},
{
"word": "powyżej"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "They live in a big house by the sea.",
"text": "Mieszkają w dużym domu nad morzem.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Opole lies on the Oder.",
"text": "Opole leży nad Odrą.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"denotes location, particularly in relation to a body of water; on, by"
],
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "ins"
},
"expansion": "[with instrumental]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"instrumental"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"on",
"on"
],
[
"by",
"by"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"denotes location, particularly in relation to a body of water; on, by [with instrumental]"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Put your hands above your head!",
"text": "Podnieś ręce nad głowę!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"denotes motion; to above, to over"
],
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "acc"
},
"expansion": "[with accusative]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"accusative"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"above",
"above"
],
[
"over",
"over"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"denotes motion; to above, to over [with accusative]"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ponad"
},
{
"word": "powyżej"
}
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "znad"
}
],
"categories": [
"Polish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "We're going to the lake on Sunday.",
"text": "W niedzielę jedziemy nad jezioro.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"denotes movement, particularly in relation to a body of water; to"
],
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "acc"
},
"expansion": "[with accusative]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"accusative"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"to",
"to"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"denotes movement, particularly in relation to a body of water; to [with accusative]"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Chełmno Polish",
"Polish dialectal terms",
"Polish literary terms"
],
"glosses": [
"denotes position in comparison; than; over"
],
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "acc"
},
"expansion": "[with accusative]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"accusative"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"than",
"than"
],
[
"over",
"over"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary or dialectal, Chełmno) denotes position in comparison; than; over [with accusative]"
],
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"literary"
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "pod"
}
],
"categories": [
"Polish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The teacher skillfully keeps control over the class.",
"text": "Nauczyciel umiejętnie panuje nad klasą.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"over (indicates relative status, authority or power)"
],
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "ins"
},
"expansion": "[with instrumental]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"instrumental"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"over",
"over"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"over (indicates relative status, authority or power) [with instrumental]"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish literary terms",
"Polish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I love it to death/more than life itself/more than anything in the world.",
"text": "Kocham to nad życie.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"denotes highest degree of intensity of an action or state;"
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) denotes highest degree of intensity of an action or state;"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ponad"
}
],
"tags": [
"literary"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I'm working on a script for a new film.",
"text": "Pracuję nad scenariuszem do nowego filmu.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"denotes subject of activities; on"
],
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "ins"
},
"expansion": "[with instrumental]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"instrumental"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"on",
"on"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"denotes subject of activities; on [with instrumental]"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Oh, I dream of the greatest of all pizzas!",
"text": "Oj, marzy mi się pizza nad pizzami!",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Zawisza Czarny, a knight of the knights, was killed after being captured by the Turks.",
"text": "Zawisza Czarny, rycerz nad rycerzami, zginął po wzięciu do tureckiej niewoli.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; the greatest of all, of"
],
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "ins/acc<q:stylized>"
},
"expansion": "[with instrumental or (stylized) accusative]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"instrumental"
],
"words": [
"(stylized)",
"accusative"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"the greatest of all",
"great"
],
[
"of",
"of"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; the greatest of all, of [with instrumental or (stylized) accusative]"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈnat/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈnat/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈnat/",
"note": "Chełmno-Dobrzyń"
},
{
"rhymes": "-at"
},
{
"homophone": "nad-"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pl:Ida Kurcz"
],
"word": "nad"
}
Download raw JSONL data for nad meaning in Polish (6.9kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: literary or dialectal, Chełmno",
"path": [
"nad"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "preposition",
"title": "nad",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: literary or dialectal, Chełmno",
"path": [
"nad"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "preposition",
"title": "nad",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Polish dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-21 using wiktextract (fef8596 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.