See bruk in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "na bruku"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "na bruk"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "brukowiec"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "sięgnąć bruku"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "sięgać bruku"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "wyrzucić na bruk"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "gem"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "bruk",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Polish bruk",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "bruk"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish bruk",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Polish bruk.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "brukowy",
"tags": [
"adjective"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bruk",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bruki",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bruku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bruków",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "brukowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brukom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bruk",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bruki",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "brukiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brukami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bruku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brukach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bruku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bruki",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "burk",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "burg",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in",
"adj": "brukowy"
},
"expansion": "bruk m inan (related adjective brukowy)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"bruk"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "35 23 3 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 28 7 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 28 6 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "69 13 7 11",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Roads",
"orig": "pl:Roads",
"parents": [
"Road transport",
"Transport",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 38 10 19",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Rocks",
"orig": "pl:Rocks",
"parents": [
"Geology",
"Natural materials",
"Earth sciences",
"Materials",
"Nature",
"Sciences",
"Manufacturing",
"All topics",
"Human activity",
"Fundamental",
"Human behaviour",
"Human"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 25 10 30",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Walls and fences",
"orig": "pl:Walls and fences",
"parents": [
"Buildings and structures",
"Architecture",
"Applied sciences",
"Art",
"Sciences",
"Culture",
"All topics",
"Society",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "On the basis of the observed exploitation one determines the percentage of action on roads with different kinds of pavement (asphalt, cobblestones, dirt roads) …",
"ref": "1969, Seweryn Orzełowski, Budowa podwozi i nadwozi samochodowych, 18th edition, Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, page 379:",
"text": "Na podstawie obserwowanej eksploatacji wyznacza się [...] procentowe udziały pracy na drogach o różnych rodzajach nawierzchni (asfalt, bruk, drogi gruntowe)[...]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"english": "The police is monitoring the ruined Wilcza [Wolf] Street. On it lie cobblestones, glass, and metal poles.",
"ref": "2013 November 11, “Wyrwany bruk, rozbite samochody. Skutki zamieszek”, in Rzeczpospolita, archived from the original on 2023-01-11:",
"text": "Policja pilnuje zniszczonej ulicy Wilczej. Leży na niej bruk, szkło i metalowe słupki.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"english": "… the city government plans to remove the cobblestones and plant plants …",
"ref": "2021 September 11, Aleksandra Beldowicz, “Poznań stawia na rośliny w centrum miasta”, in Rzeczpospolita, archived from the original on 2021-09-20:",
"text": "[...] władze miasta planują usuwać bruk i sadzić rośliny [...]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"english": "In these days, on Gęsia [Goose] Street, the repair of the asphalt pavement was begun; however, the work was momentarily stopped.",
"ref": "1934 June 13, “Zamach na asfalt magistracki”, in Józef Matuszczyk, editor, ABC: pismo codzienne informuje wszystkich o wszystkiem, number 161, Warszawa: Mazowiecka Spółka Wydawnicza, archived from the original on 2023-01-11, page 4:",
"text": "W tych dniach na ul. Gęsiej przystąpiono do naprawiania bruku asfaltowego, jednakże robotę chwilowo przerwano.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cobblestones (road pavement made of stones)"
],
"id": "en-bruk-pl-noun-S0ehUf1U",
"links": [
[
"cobblestone",
"cobblestone"
]
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Geology",
"orig": "pl:Geology",
"parents": [
"Earth sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "35 23 3 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 28 7 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 28 6 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 38 10 19",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Rocks",
"orig": "pl:Rocks",
"parents": [
"Geology",
"Natural materials",
"Earth sciences",
"Materials",
"Nature",
"Sciences",
"Manufacturing",
"All topics",
"Human activity",
"Fundamental",
"Human behaviour",
"Human"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 25 10 30",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Walls and fences",
"orig": "pl:Walls and fences",
"parents": [
"Buildings and structures",
"Architecture",
"Applied sciences",
"Art",
"Sciences",
"Culture",
"All topics",
"Society",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"duricrust (rocky cover of the earth's crust formed on a layer of mixed composition)"
],
"id": "en-bruk-pl-noun-lYbIVtpE",
"links": [
[
"geology",
"geology"
],
[
"duricrust",
"duricrust"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(geology) duricrust (rocky cover of the earth's crust formed on a layer of mixed composition)"
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Far Masovian Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "32 38 10 19",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Rocks",
"orig": "pl:Rocks",
"parents": [
"Geology",
"Natural materials",
"Earth sciences",
"Materials",
"Nature",
"Sciences",
"Manufacturing",
"All topics",
"Human activity",
"Fundamental",
"Human behaviour",
"Human"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 25 10 30",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Walls and fences",
"orig": "pl:Walls and fences",
"parents": [
"Buildings and structures",
"Architecture",
"Applied sciences",
"Art",
"Sciences",
"Culture",
"All topics",
"Society",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"stone fence (fence of mossy, blackened stones)"
],
"id": "en-bruk-pl-noun-82rleYb0",
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone"
],
[
"fence",
"fence"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Far Masovian, Łomża) stone fence (fence of mossy, blackened stones)"
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "8 6 9 6 6 0 1 2 0 1 2 2 5 10 6 1 15 0 2 1 12 2 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tok Pisin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 23 3 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 28 6 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 28 7 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 28 6 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 38 10 19",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Rocks",
"orig": "pl:Rocks",
"parents": [
"Geology",
"Natural materials",
"Earth sciences",
"Materials",
"Nature",
"Sciences",
"Manufacturing",
"All topics",
"Human activity",
"Fundamental",
"Human behaviour",
"Human"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 25 10 30",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Walls and fences",
"orig": "pl:Walls and fences",
"parents": [
"Buildings and structures",
"Architecture",
"Applied sciences",
"Art",
"Sciences",
"Culture",
"All topics",
"Society",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"revelry; brawl"
],
"id": "en-bruk-pl-noun-oDwHteId",
"links": [
[
"revelry",
"revelry"
],
[
"brawl",
"brawl"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish, figuratively) revelry; brawl"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "burda"
},
{
"word": "hulanka"
}
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish",
"figuratively",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbruk/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbruk/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbruk/",
"note": "Far Masovian"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uk"
},
{
"homophone": "bróg"
},
{
"homophone": "Bróg"
},
{
"homophone": "Brug"
}
],
"word": "bruk"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 11 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 1-syllable words",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish inanimate nouns",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish terms derived from Germanic languages",
"Polish terms derived from Old Polish",
"Polish terms inherited from Old Polish",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Polish terms with homophones",
"Rhymes:Polish/uk",
"Rhymes:Polish/uk/1 syllable",
"Tok Pisin adjectives",
"Tok Pisin entries with incorrect language header",
"Tok Pisin intransitive verbs",
"Tok Pisin lemmas",
"Tok Pisin terms derived from English",
"Tok Pisin verbs",
"pl:Roads",
"pl:Rocks",
"pl:Walls and fences"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "na bruku"
},
{
"word": "na bruk"
},
{
"word": "brukowiec"
},
{
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "sięgnąć bruku"
},
{
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "sięgać bruku"
},
{
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "wyrzucić na bruk"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "gem"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "bruk",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Polish bruk",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "bruk"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish bruk",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Polish bruk.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "brukowy",
"tags": [
"adjective"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bruk",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bruki",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bruku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bruków",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "brukowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brukom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bruk",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bruki",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "brukiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brukami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bruku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "brukach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bruku",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "bruki",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "burk",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "burg",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-in",
"adj": "brukowy"
},
"expansion": "bruk m inan (related adjective brukowy)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"bruk"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "On the basis of the observed exploitation one determines the percentage of action on roads with different kinds of pavement (asphalt, cobblestones, dirt roads) …",
"ref": "1969, Seweryn Orzełowski, Budowa podwozi i nadwozi samochodowych, 18th edition, Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, page 379:",
"text": "Na podstawie obserwowanej eksploatacji wyznacza się [...] procentowe udziały pracy na drogach o różnych rodzajach nawierzchni (asfalt, bruk, drogi gruntowe)[...]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"english": "The police is monitoring the ruined Wilcza [Wolf] Street. On it lie cobblestones, glass, and metal poles.",
"ref": "2013 November 11, “Wyrwany bruk, rozbite samochody. Skutki zamieszek”, in Rzeczpospolita, archived from the original on 2023-01-11:",
"text": "Policja pilnuje zniszczonej ulicy Wilczej. Leży na niej bruk, szkło i metalowe słupki.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"english": "… the city government plans to remove the cobblestones and plant plants …",
"ref": "2021 September 11, Aleksandra Beldowicz, “Poznań stawia na rośliny w centrum miasta”, in Rzeczpospolita, archived from the original on 2021-09-20:",
"text": "[...] władze miasta planują usuwać bruk i sadzić rośliny [...]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"english": "In these days, on Gęsia [Goose] Street, the repair of the asphalt pavement was begun; however, the work was momentarily stopped.",
"ref": "1934 June 13, “Zamach na asfalt magistracki”, in Józef Matuszczyk, editor, ABC: pismo codzienne informuje wszystkich o wszystkiem, number 161, Warszawa: Mazowiecka Spółka Wydawnicza, archived from the original on 2023-01-11, page 4:",
"text": "W tych dniach na ul. Gęsiej przystąpiono do naprawiania bruku asfaltowego, jednakże robotę chwilowo przerwano.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cobblestones (road pavement made of stones)"
],
"links": [
[
"cobblestone",
"cobblestone"
]
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"pl:Geology"
],
"glosses": [
"duricrust (rocky cover of the earth's crust formed on a layer of mixed composition)"
],
"links": [
[
"geology",
"geology"
],
[
"duricrust",
"duricrust"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(geology) duricrust (rocky cover of the earth's crust formed on a layer of mixed composition)"
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Far Masovian Polish"
],
"glosses": [
"stone fence (fence of mossy, blackened stones)"
],
"links": [
[
"stone",
"stone"
],
[
"fence",
"fence"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Far Masovian, Łomża) stone fence (fence of mossy, blackened stones)"
],
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle Polish"
],
"glosses": [
"revelry; brawl"
],
"links": [
[
"revelry",
"revelry"
],
[
"brawl",
"brawl"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish, figuratively) revelry; brawl"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "burda"
},
{
"word": "hulanka"
}
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish",
"figuratively",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbruk/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbruk/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbruk/",
"note": "Far Masovian"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uk"
},
{
"homophone": "bróg"
},
{
"homophone": "Bróg"
},
{
"homophone": "Brug"
}
],
"word": "bruk"
}
Download raw JSONL data for bruk meaning in Polish (6.4kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Far Masovian, Łomża",
"path": [
"bruk"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "bruk",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Far Masovian, Łomża",
"path": [
"bruk"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "bruk",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Far Masovian, Łomża",
"path": [
"bruk"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "bruk",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Far Masovian, Łomża",
"path": [
"bruk"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "bruk",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Polish dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-21 using wiktextract (fef8596 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.