"réud" meaning in Old Irish

See réud in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /ˈrʲeːu̯ð/
Etymology: Derived somehow from Proto-Celtic *ɸreswos, from Proto-Indo-European *prews-. Cognate with English freeze and Latin pruina (“hoar-frost”). Matasović posits an immediate preform *ɸreswotos to account for the Goidelic forms, but it would result in ^×refud instead as the usual reflex of intervocalic *-sw- in Old Irish is -f-. On the other hand, *ɸresw-tos > *ɸresutos is a viable pre-form. Etymology templates: {{der|sga|cel-pro|*ɸreswos}} Proto-Celtic *ɸreswos, {{der|sga|ine-pro|*prews-}} Proto-Indo-European *prews-, {{cog|en|freeze}} English freeze, {{cog|la|pruina||hoar-frost}} Latin pruina (“hoar-frost”), {{sup|×}} ^× Head templates: {{head|sga|noun||||{{{2}}}||||||||{{{3}}}||{{{pl2}}}||{{{pl3}}}|altform=|cat2=|g=m|g2=|g3=|head=|sort=}} réud m, {{sga-noun|m}} réud m Inflection templates: {{sga-decl-o-masc|ríuid}}, {{sga-decl-noun|acc_du=réud+L|acc_du2=|acc_du3=|acc_pl=réudu+H|acc_pl2=|acc_pl3=|acc_sg=réud+N|acc_sg2=|acc_sg3=|class=o-m|dat_du=réudaib|dat_du2=|dat_du3=|dat_pl=réudaib|dat_pl2=|dat_pl3=|dat_sg=réud+L|dat_sg2=|dat_sg3=|gen_du=réud|gen_du2=|gen_du3=|gen_pl=réud+N|gen_pl2=|gen_pl3=|gen_pl4=|gen_sg=ríuid+L|gen_sg2=|gen_sg3=|n=|nom_du=réud+L|nom_du2=|nom_du3=|nom_pl=ríuid+L|nom_pl2=|nom_pl3=|nom_sg=réud|nom_sg2=|nom_sg3=|voc_du=réud+L|voc_du2=|voc_du3=|voc_pl=réudu+H|voc_pl2=|voc_pl3=|voc_sg=ríuid|voc_sg2=|voc_sg3=}}, {{sga-mutation}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], réud [nominative, singular], réud [dual, nominative], ríuid [nominative, plural], ríuid [singular, vocative], réud [dual, vocative], réudu [plural, vocative], réud [accusative, singular], réud [accusative, dual], réudu [accusative, plural], ríuid [genitive, singular], réud [dual, genitive], réud [genitive, plural], réud [dative, singular], réudaib [dative, dual], réudaib [dative, plural], no-table-tags [table-tags], réud [error-unrecognized-form], also rréud in h-prothesis environments [error-unrecognized-form], also rréud [error-unrecognized-form]
  1. frost Tags: masculine
    Sense id: en-réud-sga-noun-178Mnqbq Categories (other): Old Irish entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries, Atmospheric phenomena
     
{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Irish",
          "lang_code": "ga",
          "word": "reo"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Manx",
          "lang_code": "gv",
          "word": "rio"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
          "lang_code": "gd",
          "word": "reòth"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle Irish",
      "lang_code": "mga",
      "word": "reód"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "cel-pro",
        "3": "*ɸreswos"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *ɸreswos",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*prews-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *prews-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "freeze"
      },
      "expansion": "English freeze",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "pruina",
        "3": "",
        "4": "hoar-frost"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin pruina (“hoar-frost”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "×"
      },
      "expansion": "^×",
      "name": "sup"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Derived somehow from Proto-Celtic *ɸreswos, from Proto-Indo-European *prews-. Cognate with English freeze and Latin pruina (“hoar-frost”). Matasović posits an immediate preform *ɸreswotos to account for the Goidelic forms, but it would result in ^×refud instead as the usual reflex of intervocalic *-sw- in Old Irish is -f-. On the other hand, *ɸresw-tos > *ɸresutos is a viable pre-form.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sga-decl-o-masc",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "réud",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "réud",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ríuid",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ríuid",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "réud",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "réudu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "réud",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "réud",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "réudu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ríuid",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "réud",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "réud",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "réud",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "réudaib",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "réudaib",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sga-mutation",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "réud",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "also rréud in h-prothesis environments",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "also rréud",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "10": "",
        "11": "",
        "12": "",
        "13": "",
        "14": "{{{3}}}",
        "15": "",
        "16": "{{{pl2}}}",
        "17": "",
        "18": "{{{pl3}}}",
        "2": "noun",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "{{{2}}}",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "9": "",
        "altform": "",
        "cat2": "",
        "g": "m",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "réud m",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m"
      },
      "expansion": "réud m",
      "name": "sga-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ríuid"
      },
      "name": "sga-decl-o-masc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "acc_du": "réud+L",
        "acc_du2": "",
        "acc_du3": "",
        "acc_pl": "réudu+H",
        "acc_pl2": "",
        "acc_pl3": "",
        "acc_sg": "réud+N",
        "acc_sg2": "",
        "acc_sg3": "",
        "class": "o-m",
        "dat_du": "réudaib",
        "dat_du2": "",
        "dat_du3": "",
        "dat_pl": "réudaib",
        "dat_pl2": "",
        "dat_pl3": "",
        "dat_sg": "réud+L",
        "dat_sg2": "",
        "dat_sg3": "",
        "gen_du": "réud",
        "gen_du2": "",
        "gen_du3": "",
        "gen_pl": "réud+N",
        "gen_pl2": "",
        "gen_pl3": "",
        "gen_pl4": "",
        "gen_sg": "ríuid+L",
        "gen_sg2": "",
        "gen_sg3": "",
        "n": "",
        "nom_du": "réud+L",
        "nom_du2": "",
        "nom_du3": "",
        "nom_pl": "ríuid+L",
        "nom_pl2": "",
        "nom_pl3": "",
        "nom_sg": "réud",
        "nom_sg2": "",
        "nom_sg3": "",
        "voc_du": "réud+L",
        "voc_du2": "",
        "voc_du3": "",
        "voc_pl": "réudu+H",
        "voc_pl2": "",
        "voc_pl3": "",
        "voc_sg": "ríuid",
        "voc_sg2": "",
        "voc_sg3": ""
      },
      "name": "sga-decl-noun"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "sga-mutation"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old Irish",
  "lang_code": "sga",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Irish entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "sga",
          "name": "Atmospheric phenomena",
          "orig": "sga:Atmospheric phenomena",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "frost"
      ],
      "id": "en-réud-sga-noun-178Mnqbq",
      "links": [
        [
          "frost",
          "frost"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈrʲeːu̯ð/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "réud"
}

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Irish",
          "lang_code": "ga",
          "word": "reo"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Manx",
          "lang_code": "gv",
          "word": "rio"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
          "lang_code": "gd",
          "word": "reòth"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle Irish",
      "lang_code": "mga",
      "word": "reód"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "cel-pro",
        "3": "*ɸreswos"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *ɸreswos",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*prews-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *prews-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "freeze"
      },
      "expansion": "English freeze",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "pruina",
        "3": "",
        "4": "hoar-frost"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin pruina (“hoar-frost”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "×"
      },
      "expansion": "^×",
      "name": "sup"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Derived somehow from Proto-Celtic *ɸreswos, from Proto-Indo-European *prews-. Cognate with English freeze and Latin pruina (“hoar-frost”). Matasović posits an immediate preform *ɸreswotos to account for the Goidelic forms, but it would result in ^×refud instead as the usual reflex of intervocalic *-sw- in Old Irish is -f-. On the other hand, *ɸresw-tos > *ɸresutos is a viable pre-form.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sga-decl-o-masc",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "réud",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "réud",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ríuid",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ríuid",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "réud",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "réudu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "réud",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "réud",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "réudu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ríuid",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "réud",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "réud",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "réud",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "réudaib",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "réudaib",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sga-mutation",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "réud",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "also rréud in h-prothesis environments",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "also rréud",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "10": "",
        "11": "",
        "12": "",
        "13": "",
        "14": "{{{3}}}",
        "15": "",
        "16": "{{{pl2}}}",
        "17": "",
        "18": "{{{pl3}}}",
        "2": "noun",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "{{{2}}}",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "9": "",
        "altform": "",
        "cat2": "",
        "g": "m",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "réud m",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m"
      },
      "expansion": "réud m",
      "name": "sga-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ríuid"
      },
      "name": "sga-decl-o-masc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "acc_du": "réud+L",
        "acc_du2": "",
        "acc_du3": "",
        "acc_pl": "réudu+H",
        "acc_pl2": "",
        "acc_pl3": "",
        "acc_sg": "réud+N",
        "acc_sg2": "",
        "acc_sg3": "",
        "class": "o-m",
        "dat_du": "réudaib",
        "dat_du2": "",
        "dat_du3": "",
        "dat_pl": "réudaib",
        "dat_pl2": "",
        "dat_pl3": "",
        "dat_sg": "réud+L",
        "dat_sg2": "",
        "dat_sg3": "",
        "gen_du": "réud",
        "gen_du2": "",
        "gen_du3": "",
        "gen_pl": "réud+N",
        "gen_pl2": "",
        "gen_pl3": "",
        "gen_pl4": "",
        "gen_sg": "ríuid+L",
        "gen_sg2": "",
        "gen_sg3": "",
        "n": "",
        "nom_du": "réud+L",
        "nom_du2": "",
        "nom_du3": "",
        "nom_pl": "ríuid+L",
        "nom_pl2": "",
        "nom_pl3": "",
        "nom_sg": "réud",
        "nom_sg2": "",
        "nom_sg3": "",
        "voc_du": "réud+L",
        "voc_du2": "",
        "voc_du3": "",
        "voc_pl": "réudu+H",
        "voc_pl2": "",
        "voc_pl3": "",
        "voc_sg": "ríuid",
        "voc_sg2": "",
        "voc_sg3": ""
      },
      "name": "sga-decl-noun"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "sga-mutation"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old Irish",
  "lang_code": "sga",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Old Irish entries with incorrect language header",
        "Old Irish lemmas",
        "Old Irish masculine nouns",
        "Old Irish masculine o-stem nouns",
        "Old Irish nouns",
        "Old Irish terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
        "Old Irish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Old Irish terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Pages with 1 entry",
        "Pages with entries",
        "sga:Atmospheric phenomena"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "frost"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "frost",
          "frost"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈrʲeːu̯ð/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "réud"
}

Download raw JSONL data for réud meaning in Old Irish (4.8kB)

{
  "called_from": "inflection/865",
  "msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: réud/Old Irish 'radical' base_tags=set()",
  "path": [
    "réud"
  ],
  "section": "Old Irish",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "réud",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'lenition'",
  "path": [
    "réud"
  ],
  "section": "Old Irish",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "réud",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'nasalization'",
  "path": [
    "réud"
  ],
  "section": "Old Irish",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "réud",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old Irish dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-09-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-08-23 using wiktextract (20da82b and a97feda). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.