"ech" meaning in Old Irish

See ech in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /ˈex/
Etymology: From Primitive Irish *ᚓᚊᚐᚄ (*eqas), from Proto-Celtic *ekʷos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos (“horse”). Cognates include Latin equus, Ancient Greek ἵππος (híppos), Sanskrit अश्व (áśva) and Old Armenian էշ (ēš, “donkey”). Etymology templates: {{inh|sga|pgl|*ᚓᚊᚐᚄ}} Primitive Irish *ᚓᚊᚐᚄ (*eqas), {{inh|sga|cel-pro|*ekʷos}} Proto-Celtic *ekʷos, {{inh|sga|ine-pro|*h₁éḱwos||horse}} Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos (“horse”), {{cog|la|equus}} Latin equus, {{cog|grc|ἵππος}} Ancient Greek ἵππος (híppos), {{cog|sa|अश्व|tr=áśva}} Sanskrit अश्व (áśva), {{cog|xcl|էշ||donkey}} Old Armenian էշ (ēš, “donkey”) Head templates: {{head|sga|noun|||genitive|eich|||||||nominative plural|eich||{{{pl2}}}||{{{pl3}}}|altform=|cat2=|g=m|g2=|g3=|head=|sort=}} ech m (genitive eich, nominative plural eich), {{sga-noun|m|eich|eich}} ech m (genitive eich, nominative plural eich) Inflection templates: {{sga-decl-o-masc|eich|acc_pl=eochu|dat_sg=eoch}}, {{sga-decl-noun|acc_du=ech+L|acc_du2=|acc_du3=|acc_pl=eochu+H|acc_pl2=|acc_pl3=|acc_sg=ech+N|acc_sg2=|acc_sg3=|class=o-m|dat_du=echaib|dat_du2=|dat_du3=|dat_pl=echaib|dat_pl2=|dat_pl3=|dat_sg=eoch+L|dat_sg2=|dat_sg3=|gen_du=ech|gen_du2=|gen_du3=|gen_pl=ech+N|gen_pl2=|gen_pl3=|gen_pl4=|gen_sg=eich+L|gen_sg2=|gen_sg3=|n=|nom_du=ech+L|nom_du2=|nom_du3=|nom_pl=eich+L|nom_pl2=|nom_pl3=|nom_sg=ech|nom_sg2=|nom_sg3=|voc_du=ech+L|voc_du2=|voc_du3=|voc_pl=eochu+H|voc_pl2=|voc_pl3=|voc_sg=eich|voc_sg2=|voc_sg3=}}, {{sga-mutation}} Forms: eich [genitive], eich [nominative, plural], no-table-tags [table-tags], ech [nominative, singular], ech [dual, nominative], eich [nominative, plural], eich [singular, vocative], ech [dual, vocative], eochu [plural, vocative], ech [accusative, singular], ech [accusative, dual], eochu [accusative, plural], eich [genitive, singular], ech [dual, genitive], ech [genitive, plural], eoch [dative, singular], echaib [dative, dual], echaib [dative, plural], no-table-tags [table-tags], ech [error-unrecognized-form], pronounced with /h/ in h-prothesis environments [error-unrecognized-form], n-ech [error-unrecognized-form]
  1. horse Tags: masculine Synonyms: marc
    Sense id: en-ech-sga-noun-~WKGK23C Categories (other): Old Irish entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 9 entries, Pages with entries, Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations, Horses

Inflected forms

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Irish",
          "lang_code": "ga",
          "word": "each"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Manx",
          "lang_code": "gv",
          "word": "agh"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Manx",
          "lang_code": "gv",
          "word": "eagh"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
          "lang_code": "gd",
          "word": "each"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle Irish",
      "lang_code": "mga",
      "word": "each"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "pgl",
        "3": "*ᚓᚊᚐᚄ"
      },
      "expansion": "Primitive Irish *ᚓᚊᚐᚄ (*eqas)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "cel-pro",
        "3": "*ekʷos"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *ekʷos",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₁éḱwos",
        "4": "",
        "5": "horse"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos (“horse”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "equus"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin equus",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "ἵππος"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek ἵππος (híppos)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sa",
        "2": "अश्व",
        "tr": "áśva"
      },
      "expansion": "Sanskrit अश्व (áśva)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xcl",
        "2": "էշ",
        "3": "",
        "4": "donkey"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Armenian էշ (ēš, “donkey”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Primitive Irish *ᚓᚊᚐᚄ (*eqas), from Proto-Celtic *ekʷos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos (“horse”). Cognates include Latin equus, Ancient Greek ἵππος (híppos), Sanskrit अश्व (áśva) and Old Armenian էշ (ēš, “donkey”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "eich",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "eich",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sga-decl-o-masc\n",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ech",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ech",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "eich",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "eich",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ech",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "eochu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ech",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ech",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "eochu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "eich",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ech",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ech",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "eoch",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "echaib",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "echaib",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sga-mutation",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ech",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "pronounced with /h/ in h-prothesis environments",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "n-ech",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "10": "",
        "11": "",
        "12": "",
        "13": "nominative plural",
        "14": "eich",
        "15": "",
        "16": "{{{pl2}}}",
        "17": "",
        "18": "{{{pl3}}}",
        "2": "noun",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "genitive",
        "6": "eich",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "9": "",
        "altform": "",
        "cat2": "",
        "g": "m",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "ech m (genitive eich, nominative plural eich)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m",
        "2": "eich",
        "3": "eich"
      },
      "expansion": "ech m (genitive eich, nominative plural eich)",
      "name": "sga-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "eich",
        "acc_pl": "eochu",
        "dat_sg": "eoch"
      },
      "name": "sga-decl-o-masc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "acc_du": "ech+L",
        "acc_du2": "",
        "acc_du3": "",
        "acc_pl": "eochu+H",
        "acc_pl2": "",
        "acc_pl3": "",
        "acc_sg": "ech+N",
        "acc_sg2": "",
        "acc_sg3": "",
        "class": "o-m",
        "dat_du": "echaib",
        "dat_du2": "",
        "dat_du3": "",
        "dat_pl": "echaib",
        "dat_pl2": "",
        "dat_pl3": "",
        "dat_sg": "eoch+L",
        "dat_sg2": "",
        "dat_sg3": "",
        "gen_du": "ech",
        "gen_du2": "",
        "gen_du3": "",
        "gen_pl": "ech+N",
        "gen_pl2": "",
        "gen_pl3": "",
        "gen_pl4": "",
        "gen_sg": "eich+L",
        "gen_sg2": "",
        "gen_sg3": "",
        "n": "",
        "nom_du": "ech+L",
        "nom_du2": "",
        "nom_du3": "",
        "nom_pl": "eich+L",
        "nom_pl2": "",
        "nom_pl3": "",
        "nom_sg": "ech",
        "nom_sg2": "",
        "nom_sg3": "",
        "voc_du": "ech+L",
        "voc_du2": "",
        "voc_du3": "",
        "voc_pl": "eochu+H",
        "voc_pl2": "",
        "voc_pl3": "",
        "voc_sg": "eich",
        "voc_sg2": "",
        "voc_sg3": ""
      },
      "name": "sga-decl-noun"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "sga-mutation"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old Irish",
  "lang_code": "sga",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Irish entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 9 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "sga",
          "name": "Horses",
          "orig": "sga:Horses",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "horse"
      ],
      "id": "en-ech-sga-noun-~WKGK23C",
      "links": [
        [
          "horse",
          "horse"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "marc"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈex/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "ech"
}

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Irish",
          "lang_code": "ga",
          "word": "each"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Manx",
          "lang_code": "gv",
          "word": "agh"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Manx",
          "lang_code": "gv",
          "word": "eagh"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
          "lang_code": "gd",
          "word": "each"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle Irish",
      "lang_code": "mga",
      "word": "each"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "pgl",
        "3": "*ᚓᚊᚐᚄ"
      },
      "expansion": "Primitive Irish *ᚓᚊᚐᚄ (*eqas)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "cel-pro",
        "3": "*ekʷos"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *ekʷos",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₁éḱwos",
        "4": "",
        "5": "horse"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos (“horse”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "equus"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin equus",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "ἵππος"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek ἵππος (híppos)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sa",
        "2": "अश्व",
        "tr": "áśva"
      },
      "expansion": "Sanskrit अश्व (áśva)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "xcl",
        "2": "էշ",
        "3": "",
        "4": "donkey"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Armenian էշ (ēš, “donkey”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Primitive Irish *ᚓᚊᚐᚄ (*eqas), from Proto-Celtic *ekʷos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos (“horse”). Cognates include Latin equus, Ancient Greek ἵππος (híppos), Sanskrit अश्व (áśva) and Old Armenian էշ (ēš, “donkey”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "eich",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "eich",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sga-decl-o-masc\n",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ech",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ech",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "eich",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "eich",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ech",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "eochu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ech",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ech",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "eochu",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "eich",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ech",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dual",
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ech",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "eoch",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "echaib",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "dual"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "echaib",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sga-mutation",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ech",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "pronounced with /h/ in h-prothesis environments",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "n-ech",
      "source": "mutation",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sga",
        "10": "",
        "11": "",
        "12": "",
        "13": "nominative plural",
        "14": "eich",
        "15": "",
        "16": "{{{pl2}}}",
        "17": "",
        "18": "{{{pl3}}}",
        "2": "noun",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "genitive",
        "6": "eich",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "9": "",
        "altform": "",
        "cat2": "",
        "g": "m",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "ech m (genitive eich, nominative plural eich)",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m",
        "2": "eich",
        "3": "eich"
      },
      "expansion": "ech m (genitive eich, nominative plural eich)",
      "name": "sga-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "eich",
        "acc_pl": "eochu",
        "dat_sg": "eoch"
      },
      "name": "sga-decl-o-masc"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "acc_du": "ech+L",
        "acc_du2": "",
        "acc_du3": "",
        "acc_pl": "eochu+H",
        "acc_pl2": "",
        "acc_pl3": "",
        "acc_sg": "ech+N",
        "acc_sg2": "",
        "acc_sg3": "",
        "class": "o-m",
        "dat_du": "echaib",
        "dat_du2": "",
        "dat_du3": "",
        "dat_pl": "echaib",
        "dat_pl2": "",
        "dat_pl3": "",
        "dat_sg": "eoch+L",
        "dat_sg2": "",
        "dat_sg3": "",
        "gen_du": "ech",
        "gen_du2": "",
        "gen_du3": "",
        "gen_pl": "ech+N",
        "gen_pl2": "",
        "gen_pl3": "",
        "gen_pl4": "",
        "gen_sg": "eich+L",
        "gen_sg2": "",
        "gen_sg3": "",
        "n": "",
        "nom_du": "ech+L",
        "nom_du2": "",
        "nom_du3": "",
        "nom_pl": "eich+L",
        "nom_pl2": "",
        "nom_pl3": "",
        "nom_sg": "ech",
        "nom_sg2": "",
        "nom_sg3": "",
        "voc_du": "ech+L",
        "voc_du2": "",
        "voc_du3": "",
        "voc_pl": "eochu+H",
        "voc_pl2": "",
        "voc_pl3": "",
        "voc_sg": "eich",
        "voc_sg2": "",
        "voc_sg3": ""
      },
      "name": "sga-decl-noun"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "sga-mutation"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old Irish",
  "lang_code": "sga",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Old Irish entries with incorrect language header",
        "Old Irish lemmas",
        "Old Irish masculine nouns",
        "Old Irish masculine o-stem nouns",
        "Old Irish nouns",
        "Old Irish terms derived from Primitive Irish",
        "Old Irish terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
        "Old Irish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Old Irish terms inherited from Primitive Irish",
        "Old Irish terms inherited from Proto-Celtic",
        "Old Irish terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Old Irish terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Pages with 9 entries",
        "Pages with entries",
        "Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
        "sga:Horses"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "horse"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "horse",
          "horse"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈex/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "marc"
    }
  ],
  "word": "ech"
}

Download raw JSONL data for ech meaning in Old Irish (5.5kB)

{
  "called_from": "inflection/865",
  "msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: ech/Old Irish 'radical' base_tags=set()",
  "path": [
    "ech"
  ],
  "section": "Old Irish",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "ech",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'lenition'",
  "path": [
    "ech"
  ],
  "section": "Old Irish",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "ech",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'nasalization'",
  "path": [
    "ech"
  ],
  "section": "Old Irish",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "ech",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old Irish dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-11-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-11-01 using wiktextract (c73fe0c and 24bdde4). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.