"du" meaning in Old High German

See du in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Pronoun

IPA: /duː/
Etymology: From Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū, whence also Old English þū, Old Norse þú, and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Perhaps the earliest attestation of the pronoun is the inscription on the Bülach fibula, which may show ᛞᚢ (du) already differentiated from other Germanic languages’ þu. Etymology templates: {{inh|goh|gmw-pro|*þū}} Proto-West Germanic *þū, {{inh|goh|gem-pro|*þū}} Proto-Germanic *þū, {{cog|ang|þū}} Old English þū, {{cog|non|þú}} Old Norse þú, {{inh|goh|ine-pro|*túh₂}} Proto-Indo-European *túh₂, {{m|goh|ᛞᚢ|sc=Runr|tr=du}} ᛞᚢ (du) Head templates: {{head|goh|pronoun|head=dū}} dū Forms: dū [canonical], no-table-tags [table-tags], ih [first-person, nominative, singular], ihha, ihcha [first-person, nominative, singular], mīn [first-person, genitive, singular], mir [dative, first-person, singular], mih [accusative, first-person, singular], dū [nominative, second-person, singular], dīn [genitive, second-person, singular], dir [dative, second-person, singular], dih [accusative, second-person, singular], er [masculine, nominative, singular, third-person], her [masculine, nominative, singular, third-person], sīn [genitive, masculine, singular, third-person], imu [dative, masculine, singular, third-person], imo [dative, masculine, singular, third-person], inan [accusative, masculine, singular, third-person], in [accusative, masculine, singular, third-person], siu [feminine, nominative, singular, third-person], sī [feminine, nominative, singular, third-person], si [feminine, nominative, singular, third-person], ira [feminine, genitive, singular, third-person], iru [feminine, genitive, singular, third-person], iro [feminine, genitive, singular, third-person], iru [dative, feminine, singular, third-person], iro [dative, feminine, singular, third-person], sia [accusative, feminine, singular, third-person], iz [neuter, nominative, singular, third-person], es [genitive, neuter, singular, third-person], is [genitive, neuter, singular, third-person], imu [dative, neuter, singular, third-person], imo [dative, neuter, singular, third-person], iz [accusative, neuter, singular, third-person], wir [first-person, nominative, plural], unsēr [first-person, genitive, plural], uns [dative, first-person, plural], unsih [accusative, first-person, plural], ir [nominative, plural, second-person], iuwēr [genitive, plural, second-person], iu [dative, plural, second-person], iuwih [accusative, plural, second-person], sie [masculine, nominative, plural, third-person], iro [genitive, masculine, plural, third-person], im [dative, masculine, plural, third-person], in [dative, masculine, plural, third-person], sie [accusative, masculine, plural, third-person], sio [feminine, nominative, plural, third-person], iro [feminine, genitive, plural, third-person], im [dative, feminine, plural, third-person], in [dative, feminine, plural, third-person], sio [accusative, feminine, plural, third-person], siu [neuter, nominative, plural, third-person], iro [genitive, neuter, plural, third-person], im [dative, neuter, plural, third-person], in [dative, neuter, plural, third-person], siu [accusative, neuter, plural, third-person], ir [error-unrecognized-form, nominative, second-person], iuwēr [error-unrecognized-form, genitive, second-person], iu [dative, error-unrecognized-form, second-person], iuwih [accusative, error-unrecognized-form, second-person]
  1. thou, you (second-person singular pronoun) Synonyms: thū, ᛞᚢ (du)
    Sense id: en-du-goh-pron-3FbTf~ST Categories (other): Old High German entries with incorrect language header, Old High German pronouns, Old High German terms with redundant script codes, Old High German terms with redundant transliterations

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

Download JSON data for du meaning in Old High German (10.3kB)

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmh",
            "2": "du"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle High German: du",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle High German: du"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gsw",
            "2": "du"
          },
          "expansion": "Alemannic German: du",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Alemannic German: du"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "swg",
            "2": "dau"
          },
          "expansion": "Swabian: dau",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "swg",
            "2": "d"
          },
          "expansion": "d",
          "name": "l"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Swabian: dau, d"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "bar",
            "2": "-"
          },
          "expansion": "Bavarian:",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Bavarian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cim",
            "2": "du"
          },
          "expansion": "Cimbrian: du",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Cimbrian: du"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "mhn",
            "2": "du"
          },
          "expansion": "Mòcheno: du",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Mòcheno: du"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmw-cfr",
            "2": "du",
            "3": "dou"
          },
          "expansion": "Central Franconian: du, dou",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Central Franconian: du, dou"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hrx",
            "2": "du"
          },
          "expansion": "Hunsrik: du",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Hunsrik: du"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ksh",
            "2": "do"
          },
          "expansion": "Kölsch: do",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Kölsch: do"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "de",
            "2": "du"
          },
          "expansion": "German: du",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "German: du"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "lb",
            "2": "du"
          },
          "expansion": "Luxembourgish: du",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Luxembourgish: du"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmw-rfr",
            "2": "-"
          },
          "expansion": "Rhine Franconian:",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Rhine Franconian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pfl",
            "2": "du"
          },
          "expansion": "Palatine German: du",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Palatine German: du"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pdc",
            "2": "du"
          },
          "expansion": "Pennsylvania German: du",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Pennsylvania German: du"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "yi",
            "2": "דו"
          },
          "expansion": "Yiddish: דו (du)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Yiddish: דו (du)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*þū"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *þū",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*þū"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *þū",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "þū"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English þū",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "non",
        "2": "þú"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse þú",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*túh₂"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *túh₂",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "ᛞᚢ",
        "sc": "Runr",
        "tr": "du"
      },
      "expansion": "ᛞᚢ (du)",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū, whence also Old English þū, Old Norse þú, and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Perhaps the earliest attestation of the pronoun is the inscription on the Bülach fibula, which may show ᛞᚢ (du) already differentiated from other Germanic languages’ þu.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "dū",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "Old High German personal pronouns",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ih",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ihha, ihcha",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "mīn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "mir",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "mih",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dū",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dīn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dir",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dih",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "er",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "her",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sīn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imo",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "inan",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "in",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "siu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "si",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ira",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iru",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iro",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iru",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iro",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sia",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "es",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "is",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imo",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wir",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "unsēr",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uns",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "unsih",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ir",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iuwēr",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iuwih",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sie",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iro",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "im",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "in",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sie",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sio",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iro",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "im",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "in",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sio",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "siu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iro",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "im",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "in",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "siu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ir",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "nominative",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iuwēr",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "genitive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iuwih",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "second-person"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "pronoun",
        "head": "dū"
      },
      "expansion": "dū",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old High German",
  "lang_code": "goh",
  "pos": "pron",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old High German entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old High German pronouns",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old High German terms with redundant script codes",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant script codes",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old High German terms with redundant transliterations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant transliterations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "[my] beloved, you / […]",
          "ref": "6th-7th century, inscription on the Bülach fibula",
          "text": "ᚠᚱᛁᚠᚱᛁᛞᛁᛚ / ᛞᚢ / ...\nfrifridil / du / […]\nfrifridil / du / ...\nfrifridil / du / […]",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "thou, you (second-person singular pronoun)"
      ],
      "id": "en-du-goh-pron-3FbTf~ST",
      "links": [
        [
          "thou",
          "thou"
        ],
        [
          "you",
          "you"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "thū"
        },
        {
          "roman": "du",
          "word": "ᛞᚢ"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/duː/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "du"
}

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmh",
            "2": "du"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle High German: du",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle High German: du"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gsw",
            "2": "du"
          },
          "expansion": "Alemannic German: du",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Alemannic German: du"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "swg",
            "2": "dau"
          },
          "expansion": "Swabian: dau",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "swg",
            "2": "d"
          },
          "expansion": "d",
          "name": "l"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Swabian: dau, d"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "bar",
            "2": "-"
          },
          "expansion": "Bavarian:",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Bavarian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "cim",
            "2": "du"
          },
          "expansion": "Cimbrian: du",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Cimbrian: du"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "mhn",
            "2": "du"
          },
          "expansion": "Mòcheno: du",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Mòcheno: du"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmw-cfr",
            "2": "du",
            "3": "dou"
          },
          "expansion": "Central Franconian: du, dou",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Central Franconian: du, dou"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "hrx",
            "2": "du"
          },
          "expansion": "Hunsrik: du",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Hunsrik: du"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ksh",
            "2": "do"
          },
          "expansion": "Kölsch: do",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Kölsch: do"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "de",
            "2": "du"
          },
          "expansion": "German: du",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "German: du"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "lb",
            "2": "du"
          },
          "expansion": "Luxembourgish: du",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Luxembourgish: du"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "gmw-rfr",
            "2": "-"
          },
          "expansion": "Rhine Franconian:",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Rhine Franconian:"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pfl",
            "2": "du"
          },
          "expansion": "Palatine German: du",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Palatine German: du"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pdc",
            "2": "du"
          },
          "expansion": "Pennsylvania German: du",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Pennsylvania German: du"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "yi",
            "2": "דו"
          },
          "expansion": "Yiddish: דו (du)",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Yiddish: דו (du)"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*þū"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *þū",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*þū"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *þū",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "þū"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English þū",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "non",
        "2": "þú"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse þú",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*túh₂"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *túh₂",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "ᛞᚢ",
        "sc": "Runr",
        "tr": "du"
      },
      "expansion": "ᛞᚢ (du)",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū, whence also Old English þū, Old Norse þú, and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Perhaps the earliest attestation of the pronoun is the inscription on the Bülach fibula, which may show ᛞᚢ (du) already differentiated from other Germanic languages’ þu.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "dū",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "Old High German personal pronouns",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ih",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ihha, ihcha",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "mīn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "mir",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "mih",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dū",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dīn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dir",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dih",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "er",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "her",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sīn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imo",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "inan",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "in",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "siu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sī",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "si",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ira",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iru",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iro",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iru",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iro",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sia",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "es",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "is",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imo",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wir",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "unsēr",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uns",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "unsih",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ir",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iuwēr",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iuwih",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sie",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iro",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "im",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "in",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sie",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "masculine",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sio",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iro",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "im",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "in",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "sio",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "siu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iro",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "im",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "in",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "siu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "neuter",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ir",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "nominative",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iuwēr",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "genitive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iu",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "iuwih",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "error-unrecognized-form",
        "second-person"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "pronoun",
        "head": "dū"
      },
      "expansion": "dū",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old High German",
  "lang_code": "goh",
  "pos": "pron",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Old High German entries with incorrect language header",
        "Old High German lemmas",
        "Old High German pronouns",
        "Old High German terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
        "Old High German terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Old High German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
        "Old High German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
        "Old High German terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Old High German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
        "Old High German terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Old High German terms with quotations",
        "Old High German terms with redundant script codes",
        "Old High German terms with redundant transliterations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "[my] beloved, you / […]",
          "ref": "6th-7th century, inscription on the Bülach fibula",
          "text": "ᚠᚱᛁᚠᚱᛁᛞᛁᛚ / ᛞᚢ / ...\nfrifridil / du / […]\nfrifridil / du / ...\nfrifridil / du / […]",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "thou, you (second-person singular pronoun)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "thou",
          "thou"
        ],
        [
          "you",
          "you"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/duː/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "thū"
    },
    {
      "roman": "du",
      "word": "ᛞᚢ"
    }
  ],
  "word": "du"
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/865",
  "msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: du/Old High German 'Number' base_tags=set()",
  "path": [
    "du"
  ],
  "section": "Old High German",
  "subsection": "pronoun",
  "title": "du",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/735",
  "msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Polite form'",
  "path": [
    "du"
  ],
  "section": "Old High German",
  "subsection": "pronoun",
  "title": "du",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old High German dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (1d5a7d1 and 304864d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.